Editing Poland (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Poland}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+'''Economic indicators'''
! scope="row" | [[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP)]]
|$2.018 trillion <small>(2025)</small><ref name="IMFWEO.PL" />
|-
! scope="row" | Nominal GDP
|$980 billion <small>(2025)</small><ref name="IMFWEO.PL" />
|-
! scope="row" | Real GDP growth
|5.3% <small>(2022)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP growth (annual %) – Poland &#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=PL |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710204644/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=PL |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation
|2.5% <small>(May 2024)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inflation Report, Monetary Policy Council |publisher=Narodowy Bank Polski (National Bank of Poland) |url=https://nbp.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Raport-o-inflacji-lipiec-2024-ANG.pdf |access-date=11 November 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Employment-to-population ratio|Employment-to-population]]
|57% <small>(2022)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate) – Poland &#124; Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS?locations=PL |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513023302/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.ZS?locations=PL |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Unemployment
|2.8% <small>(2023)</small><ref name="Ministry of Family and Social Policy">{{Cite web |title=Lowest unemployment in the EU. Poland on the podium – Ministry of Family and Social Policy – Gov.pl website |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/family/lowest-unemployment-in-the-eu-poland-on-the-podium |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Ministry of Family and Social Policy |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221070334/https://www.gov.pl/web/family/lowest-unemployment-in-the-eu-poland-on-the-podium |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National debt|Total public debt]]
|$340 billion <small>(2022)</small><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland National Debt 2020 |url=https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/poland |website=countryeconomy.com |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=2 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202163222/https://countryeconomy.com/national-debt/poland |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

Poland is a [[social market economy]] and is the regional economic power for [[East-Central Europe]].<ref name="Kochanski&Partners">{{cite web |author=Editorial Office |date=2025 |title=Why Poland. Guide to doing business in Poland |url=https://www.kochanski.pl/en/why-poland-2/ |website=kochanski.pl |location=Warsaw, Poland |publisher=Kochański & Partners Business Law Firm |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by [[Economy of the European Union|nominal standards]], and the fifth largest by [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)|purchasing power parity]]. It is one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a [[developed market]] status in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Poland promoted to developed market status by FTSE Russell |url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/poland-promoted-to-developed-market-status-by-ftse-russell/#:~:text=Global%20index%20provider%20FTSE%20Russell,%2C%20France%2C%20Japan%20and%20Australia. |access-date=1 January 2021 |website=Emerging Europe |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109210429/https://emerging-europe.com/news/poland-promoted-to-developed-market-status-by-ftse-russell/#:~:text=Global%20index%20provider%20FTSE%20Russell,%2C%20France%2C%20Japan%20and%20Australia. |url-status=live }}</ref> The unemployment rate published by [[Eurostat]] in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.<ref name="Ministry of Family and Social Policy" /> {{As of|2023}}, around 62% of the employed population works in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]], 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector, thus manifesting a highly [[Economic diversity|diversified economy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pracujący w rolnictwie, przemyśle i usługach {{!}} RynekPracy.org |url=https://rynekpracy.org/statystyki/pracujacy-w-rolnictwie-przemysle-i-uslugach/ |access-date=21 December 2023 |language=pl-PL |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425100036/https://rynekpracy.org/statystyki/pracujacy-w-rolnictwie-przemysle-i-uslugach/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although Poland is a member of the [[European single market]], the country has not adopted the [[Euro]] as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the [[Polish złoty]] (zł, PLN).<ref name="IM">{{cite book |author=IMF Monetary and Capital Markets Department |date=2022 |title=Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQLOEAAAQBAJ |publisher=International Monetary Fund |isbn=9798400235269 |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref>

Poland is a regional European leader in terms of [[foreign direct investment]]<ref name=wb>{{cite web |author=World Bank |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD |title=Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> and possesses around 40 percent of the 500 biggest companies in the region by revenues whilst maintaining a [[Globalisation index|high globalisation rate]] and relatively high economic competitiveness.<ref name="Polish economy seen as stable and competitive" /><ref name="IMD">{{cite web |author=IMD Editorial Office |date=2022 |title=World Competitiveness Ranking |url=https://www.imd.org/centers/wcc/world-competitiveness-center/rankings/world-competitiveness-ranking/rankings/wcr-rankings/#_tab_Rank |website=imd.org |location=Lausanne |publisher=International Institute for Management Development |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> The country's largest firms compose the [[WIG20]] and [[WIG30]] [[stock market index]]es, which are traded on the [[Warsaw Stock Exchange]].<ref name="Zarzecki&Dietl">{{cite book |last1=Zarzecki |first1=Dariusz |last2=Dietl |first2=Marek |date=2022 |title=Understanding the Polish Capital Market |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-GgEAAAQBAJ |location=Abingdon |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000817751 |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> The [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|Central Statistical Office]] estimated that in 2014 there were 1,437 Polish corporations with interests in 3,194 foreign entities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorota Ciesielska-Maciągowska |date=5 April 2016 |title=Hundreds of foreign companies taken over by Polish firms over the last decade |url=http://www.financialobserver.eu/poland/hundreds-of-foreign-companies-taken-over-by-polish-firms-over-the-last-decade/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413020602/http://www.financialobserver.eu/poland/hundreds-of-foreign-companies-taken-over-by-polish-firms-over-the-last-decade/ |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2017 |website=Central European Financial Observer |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poland also has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,<ref>Thomas White International (September 2011), [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913074250/http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/banking-sector-in-poland/ Prominent Banks in Poland.] Emerging Market Spotlight. Banking Sector in Poland (Internet Archive). Retrieved 6 November 2014.</ref> with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.<ref>Worldbank.org, [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGLOBALFINREPORT/Resources/8816096-1361888425203/9062080-1364927957721/GFDR-2014_Statistical_Appendix_B.pdf Global Financial Development Report 2014.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807165701/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGLOBALFINREPORT/Resources/8816096-1361888425203/9062080-1364927957721/GFDR-2014_Statistical_Appendix_B.pdf |date=7 August 2019 }} Appendix B. Key Aspects of Financial Inclusion (PDF file, direct download). Retrieved 6 November 2014.</ref>  The monetary policy is determined by the [[National Bank of Poland]] (NBP), which controls the issuing of the national currency.<ref name="IM"/> It was the only European economy to have avoided the [[Great Recession|recession of 2008]].<ref name="Schwab 2011" /> Since 2019, workers under the age of 26 are exempt from paying the [[income tax]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ivana Kottasová |date=30 July 2019 |title=Brain drain claimed 1.7 million youths. So this country is scrapping its income tax |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/30/europe/poland-income-tax-youths-intl/index.html |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730082114/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/30/europe/poland-income-tax-youths-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The country is the [[List of countries by exports|19th largest exporter]] of goods and [[List of countries by service exports|services]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Comparisons – Exports |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/exports/country-comparison/ |website=cia.gov |access-date=11 November 2024 }}</ref> Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 58% of GDP, as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exports of goods and services (% of GDP) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022501/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS |url-status=live }}</ref> Poland's largest trade partners are Germany, the United Kingdom, the [[Czech Republic]], France, Italy, the [[Netherlands]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="OEC">{{cite web |author=OEC Data Team |date=2023 |title=Poland |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/pol |website=oec.world |publisher=[[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> Among its lead exports are motor cars, buses, and vehicle-related accessories, machinery, [[electronics]], [[electric batteries]], [[home appliance]]s, furniture, cosmetics, military equipment, and [[tobacco]] as well as materials such as silver, [[copper]], [[steel]], [[List of countries by coal production|coal]], [[zinc]], [[tar]], and [[Coke (fuel)|coke]].<ref name="OEC"/> In 2023, the country produced 1300 tonnes of silver and was the 5th largest silver producer globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2024 |access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref> As of 2024, Poland holds the world's 12th largest [[gold reserve]], estimated at 377 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country |title=Gold Reserves by Country |website=gold.org |publisher=World Gold Council |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Poland}}
[[File:Malbork zamek wysoki i sredni (dron).jpg|thumb|right| [[Malbork Castle]] is the largest castle in the world measured by land area and a [[List of World Heritage Sites in Poland|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].]]
In 2020, the total value of the [[Tourism|tourism industry]] in Poland was 104.3 billion [[Polish złoty|PLN]], then equivalent to 4.5% of the Polish GDP.<ref name="oecdtourism">{{cite book |author=OECD |date=2022 |title=Tourism Trends and Policies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VISeEAAAQBAJ&dq=gdp+tourism+poland&pg=PA251 |publisher=OECD Publishing |page=251 |isbn=
9789264481190}}</ref> Tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Release |date=5 November 2012 |title=International tourism strong despite uncertain economy |url=http://www2.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-11-05/international-tourism-strong-despite-uncertain-economy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218231404/http://www2.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-11-05/international-tourism-strong-despite-uncertain-economy |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |publisher=World Tourism Organization UNWTO}}</ref> Nearly 200,000 people were employed in the [[Hospitality industry|accommodation and catering]] (hospitality) sector in 2020.<ref name="oecdtourism"/> In 2021, Poland ranked [[World Tourism rankings|12th most visited country]] in the world by international arrivals.<ref name="unwto">{{cite journal |author= |date=May 2023 |title=World Tourism Barometer |url=https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD |journal=World Tourism Organization |volume=21 |issue=2 |access-date=8 July 2024 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802171252/https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the beaches in the north, with a trail of rich architectural and cultural heritage. Among the most recognisable landmarks are Old Towns in [[Kraków Old Town|Kraków]], [[Warsaw Old Town|Warsaw]], [[Wrocław]] ([[Wrocław's dwarfs|dwarf statues]]), [[Gdańsk]], [[Poznań]], [[Lublin]], [[Toruń]] and [[Zamość]] as well as museums, zoological gardens, theme parks and the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]], with its labyrinthine tunnels, [[underground lake]] and chapels carved by miners out of [[rock salt]] beneath the ground. There are [[List of castles in Poland|over 100 castles]] in the country, largely within the [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], and also on the [[Trail of the Eagles' Nests]]; the largest castle in the world by land area is situated in [[Malbork Castle|Malbork]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pickup |first=Gilly |title=The 50 Greatest Castles and Palaces of the World |date=7 March 2019 |publisher=Icon Books |isbn=978-1-78578-458-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Neil Wilson |title=Poland |last2=Tom Parkinson |last3=Richard Watkins |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-74059-522-3 |chapter=The Eagles' Nests}}</ref> The German [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] in [[Oświęcim]], and the [[Skull Chapel]] in [[Kudowa-Zdrój]] constitute [[dark tourism]].<ref name="Watts">{{cite book |last1=Watts |first1=Robin |last2=Parks |first2=Zishan |date=2018 |title=Development of Tourism and Travel Industry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guTEDwAAQBAJ&dq=skull+chapel+dark+tourism+poland&pg=PA3 |publisher=EDTECH |page=3 |isbn=9781839474378}}</ref> Regarding nature based travel, notable sites include the [[Masurian Lake District]] and [[Białowieża Forest]] in the east; on the south [[Karkonosze]], the [[Table Mountains]] and the [[Tatra Mountains]], where [[Rysy]] and the [[Orla Perć|Eagle's Path]] trail are located. The [[Pieniny]] and [[Bieszczady Mountains]] lie in the extreme south-east.<ref name="UNTWO 2008" />

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Poland}}
[[File:WK15 Wrocław Główny (2) Lichen99.jpg|thumb|right|[[Polish State Railways|PKP Intercity]] [[New Pendolino|Pendolino]] at the [[Wrocław Główny railway station|Wrocław railway station]]]]

Transport in Poland is provided by means of [[Rail transport in Poland|rail]], [[Highways in Poland|road]], [[Polish Merchant Navy|marine shipping]] and [[List of airports in Poland|air travel]]. The country is part of EU's [[Schengen Area]] and is an important transport hub due to its strategic geographical position in Central Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PAIH &#124; Transport |url=https://www.paih.gov.pl/poland_in_figures/transport |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512144011/https://www.paih.gov.pl/poland_in_figures/transport |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=www.paih.gov.pl }}</ref> Some of the longest European routes, including the [[European route E30|E30]] and [[European route E40|E40]], run through Poland. The country has a good network of [[Highways in Poland|highways]] consisting of [[Limited-access road|express roads]] and [[Controlled-access highway|motorways]]. As of August 2023, Poland has the world's [[List of countries by road network size|21st-largest road network]], maintaining over {{cvt|5000|km}} of highways in use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/gddkia |website=www.gddkia.gov.pl |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805223843/https://www.gov.pl/web/gddkia |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, the nation had {{convert|19393|km}} of railway track, the third longest in the European Union after Germany and France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linie kolejowe w Polsce |url=https://utk.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/20336,Linie-kolejowe-w-Polsce.html?search=6784142599555 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=utk.gov.pl |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827100942/https://utk.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/20336,Linie-kolejowe-w-Polsce.html?search=6784142599555 |url-status=live | last1=Kolejowego | first1=Urząd Transportu }}</ref> The [[Polish State Railways]] (PKP) is the dominant railway operator, with certain major voivodeships or urban areas possessing their own [[commuter rail|commuter]] and [[regional rail]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marinov |first1=Marin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2ZXEAAAQBAJ&dq=polish+state+railways+largest+railway+regional&pg=PA280 |title=Sustainable Rail Transport 4: Innovate Rail Research and Education |last2=Piip |first2=Janene |date=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-82095-4 |location=Cham |page=280 |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114704/https://books.google.com/books?id=t2ZXEAAAQBAJ&dq=polish+state+railways+largest+railway+regional&pg=PA280 |url-status=live }}</ref> Poland has a number of international airports, the largest of which is [[Warsaw Chopin Airport]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paweł Churski |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIuFEAAAQBAJ&dq=largest+airport+chopin&pg=PA321 |title=Three decades of Polish socio-economic transformations: geographical perspectives |last2=Tomasz Kaczmarek |date=2022 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-031-06108-0 |location=Cham |page=321 |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114649/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIuFEAAAQBAJ&dq=largest+airport+chopin&pg=PA321 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the primary global hub for [[LOT Polish Airlines]], the country's [[flag carrier]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Anne Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzkLEAAAQBAJ&dq=lot+polish+airlines+flag+carrier&pg=PT118 |title=Air Transport and Regional Development Case Studies |last2=Nicole Adler |last3=Hans-Martin Niemeier |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-09207-0 |location=Abingdon |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114702/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzkLEAAAQBAJ&dq=lot+polish+airlines+flag+carrier&pg=PT118 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Seaports exist all along Poland's Baltic coast, with most freight operations using [[Port of Świnoujście|Świnoujście]], [[Port of Police|Police]], [[Port of Szczecin|Szczecin]], [[Port of Kołobrzeg|Kołobrzeg]], [[Port of Gdynia|Gdynia]], [[Port of Gdańsk|Gdańsk]] and [[Elbląg]] as their base. The [[Port of Gdańsk]] is the only port in the [[Baltic Sea]] adapted to receive oceanic vessels. [[Polferries]] and [[Unity Line]] are the largest Polish ferry operators, with the latter providing [[roll-on/roll-off]] and [[train ferry]] services to [[Scandinavia]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gennady Fedorov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22polferries%22+unity+line+poland&pg=PA203 |title=Baltic Region—The Region of Cooperation |last2=Alexander Druzhinin |last3=Elena Golubeva |last4=Dmitry Subetto |last5=Tadeusz Palmowski |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-14519-4 |location=Cham |page=203 |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901114645/https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22polferries%22+unity+line+poland&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{main|Energy in Poland}}
The electricity generation sector in Poland is largely [[Fossil fuel|fossil-fuel]]–based. Coal production in Poland is a major source of employment and the largest source of the nation's [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref name="International Energy Agency 2022">{{Cite web |last=International Energy Agency |author-link=International Energy Agency |date=20 May 2022 |title=Poland – Countries & Regions |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/poland |access-date=24 May 2022 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524015401/https://www.iea.org/countries/poland |url-status=live }}</ref> Many power plants nationwide use Poland's position as a major European exporter of coal to their advantage by continuing to use coal as the primary raw material in the production of their energy. The three largest Polish coal mining firms ([[Węglokoks]], [[Kompania Węglowa]] and [[Jastrzębska Spółka Węglowa|JSW]]) extract around 100 million tonnes of coal annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland. Summary of Coal Industry. |url=https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch27.pdf |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121082617/https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/Toolsres_coal_overview_ch27.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> After coal, Polish energy supply relies significantly on oil—the nation is the third-largest buyer of Russian oil exports to the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Energy Agency |author-link=International Energy Agency |date=13 April 2022 |title=Frequently Asked Questions on Energy Security |url=https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security |access-date=27 April 2022 |publisher=IEA |location=Paris |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116162240/https://www.iea.org/articles/frequently-asked-questions-on-energy-security |url-status=live }}</ref>

The new [[Energy in Poland|Energy Policy of Poland until 2040]] (EPP2040) would reduce the share of coal and [[lignite]] in electricity generation by 25% from 2017 to 2030. The plan involves deploying new nuclear plants, increasing energy efficiency, and decarbonising the Polish transport system in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prioritise long-term energy security.<ref name="International Energy Agency 2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Climate and Environment |date=2 February 2021 |title=Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (EPP2040) |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/climate/energy-policy-of-poland-until-2040-epp2040 |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=Ministry of Climate and Environment of Poland |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524122522/https://www.gov.pl/web/climate/energy-policy-of-poland-until-2040-epp2040 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Timeline of Polish science and technology|List of Polish Nobel laureates}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = Marie Curie c1920.jpg
| width1            = 130
| alt1              = Marie Curie
| caption1          = Physicist and chemist [[Marie Curie]] was the first person to win two [[Nobel Prizes]].<ref name="Mould 1993" />
| image2            = Nikolaus Kopernikus MOT.jpg
| width2            = 142
| alt2              = Nicolaus Copernicus
| caption2          = Astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] formulated the [[Heliocentrism|heliocentric]] model of the [[Solar System]].
}}

Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nodzyńska |first1=Małgorzata |url=http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day |title=From alchemy to the present day – the choice of biographies of Polish scientists |last2=Cieśla |first2=Paweł |publisher=Pedagogical University of Kraków |year=2012 |isbn=978-83-7271-768-9 |location=Cracow |access-date=3 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201958/http://uatacz.up.krakow.pl/~wwwchemia/pliki/ISBN_978_83_7271_768_9_From_alchemy_to_the_present_day |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (''Mikołaj Kopernik''), who triggered the [[Copernican Revolution]] by placing the [[Heliocentrism|Sun rather than the Earth at the centre of the universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=Nicolaus Copernicus Biography: Facts & Discoveries |url=https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=[[Space.com]] |archive-date=30 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530193602/https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also derived a [[quantity theory of money]], which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolak |first=Arthur J. |title=Forced Out: The Fate of Polish Jewry in Communist Poland |date=12 March 2004 |publisher=Arthur Wolak |isbn=978-1-58736-291-0}}</ref> Poland was ranked 40th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-01|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref>

Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional [[List of universities in Poland|universities]], as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. There are hundreds of research and development institutes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barcikowska |first=Renata |date=1 September 2016 |title=Research Institutes In Poland — Evaluation of Their Place and Role in Innovative Politics in Poland |url=https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/minib/21/3/article-p141.xml |journal=Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=141–154 |doi=10.14611/minib.21.09.2016.12 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=199470591 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501152808/https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/minib/21/3/article-p141.xml |archive-date=1 May 2020 |via=content.sciendo.com}}</ref> However, in the 19th and 20th centuries many Polish scientists worked abroad; one of the most important of these exiles was [[Marie Curie]], a physicist and chemist who lived much of her life in France. In 1925, she established Poland's [[Curie Institute (Warsaw)|Radium Institute]].<ref name="Mould 1993" />

In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing centre of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the [[Lwów School of Mathematics]] (with [[Stefan Banach]], [[Stanisław Mazur]], [[Hugo Steinhaus]], [[Stanisław Ulam]]) and [[Warsaw School of Mathematics]] (with [[Alfred Tarski]], [[Kazimierz Kuratowski]], [[Wacław Sierpiński]] and [[Antoni Zygmund]]). Numerous mathematicians, scientists, chemists or economists emigrated due to historic vicissitudes, among them [[Benoit Mandelbrot]], [[Leonid Hurwicz]], [[Alfred Tarski]], [[Joseph Rotblat]] and Nobel Prize laureates [[Roald Hoffmann]], [[Georges Charpak]] and [[Tadeusz Reichstein]].