Editing Persecution (section)

==Ethnic==
{{Main|Racism}}{{Needs expansion|date=February 2024}}
Ethnic persecution refers to perceived persecution based on [[ethnicity]]. Its meaning is parallel to that of [[racism]], (based on [[Race (human classification)|race]]).  The [[Rwandan genocide]] remains an atrocity that the indigenous [[Hutu]] and [[Tutsi]] peoples still believe is unforgivable.  The [[Japanese occupation of China]] caused the death of millions of people, mostly peasants who were murdered after the [[Doolittle Raid]] in early-World War II.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Unsourced}}

===African Americans===
{{Main|Racism against African Americans}}
[[African American]]s have faced persecution in the forms of [[Slavery_in_the_United_States|slavery]], [[Jim Crow laws|legal discrimination]], and [[Mass racial violence in the United States|racial violence]].

===Assyrians===
{{Main|Assyrian people}}
{{Category see also|Persecution of Assyrians}}

Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of [[Yazdegerd I]], Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time, they promoted [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of [[Catholic Church|Rome]] and [[Christianity in Iran|Persia]]. Persecutions and attempts to impose [[Zoroastrianism]] continued during the reign of [[Yazdegerd II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Susan Wise |title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade |date=2010 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-07817-6 |pages=85–87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullin |first1=Robert Bruce |title=A Short World History of Christianity |date=2006 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-23664-9 |pages=82–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nWP0_6gkiYC&pg=PA82}}</ref>

During the eras of Mongol rule under [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]], there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409819/Nestorian |title=Nestorian (Christian sect) |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2013-09-18}}</ref>

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the [[Massacres of Badr Khan]], the [[Massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)]], the [[Adana massacre]], the [[Assyrian genocide]], the [[Simele massacre]], and the [[al-Anfal campaign]].

===Hazara people===
{{Main|Persecution of Hazara people}}
The [[Hazara people]] of central [[Afghanistan]] have been persecuted by [[Afghans|Afghan]] rulers at various times in the history. Since the tragedy of 9/11, [[Sunni|Sunni Muslim]] [[terrorism|terrorists]] have been attacking the Hazara community in southwestern Pakistani town of [[Quetta]], home to some 500,000 Hazara who fled persecution in neighbouring Afghanistan. Some 2,400 men, women and children have been killed or wounded with [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] claiming responsibility for most of the attacks against the community. Consequently, many thousands have fled the country seeking [[asylum in Australia]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Unsourced}}

===Roma===
{{Main|Antiziganism|Porajmos|Romani genocide}}
{{Category see also|Antiziganism}}
Antiziganism is hostility, [[prejudice]], discrimination or [[racism]] directed against the [[Romani people]] as an ethnic group, or people who are perceived as being of Romani heritage.

The ''Porajmos'' was the planned and attempted effort, often described as a [[genocide]], during [[World War II]] by the government of [[Nazi Germany]] and its allies to exterminate the Romani (Gypsy) people of Europe. Under the rule of [[Adolf Hitler]], a supplementary decree to the [[Nuremberg Laws]] was issued on 26 November 1935, defining Gypsies as "enemies of the race-based state", the same category as Jews. Thus, the fate of Roma in Europe in some ways paralleled that of the Jews.<ref name=USHMM_2>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia - Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005219 |access-date=9 August 2011 }}</ref> Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Romani were killed by the Nazis and their collaborators, or more than 25% of the slightly less than 1 million Roma in Europe at the time.<ref name=USHMM_2/> [[Ian Hancock]] puts the death toll as high as 1.5 million.<ref name=Milton_estimates>{{Citation |chapter=True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview |chapter-url=http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_e_holocaust_porrajmos&lang=en&articles= |author=Hancock, Ian |title=The Historiography of the Holocaust |isbn=1-4039-9927-9 |pages=383–396 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Rohingyas===
{{Main|Rohingya genocide}}
{{See also|2017 Rohingya persecution in Myanmar}}
The UN human rights chief slammed [[Myanmar]]'s apparent "systematic attack" on the [[Rohingya]] minority, warning that "ethnic cleansing" seemed to be underway.
Ethnic Rohingya Muslims who fled from security forces in Myanmar's [[Rakhine State]] have described killings, shelling, and arson in their villages that have all the hallmarks of a campaign of “ethnic cleansing,” Human Rights Watch said.
“Rohingya refugees have harrowing accounts of fleeing Burmese army attacks and watching their villages be destroyed,” said Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia director. “Lawful operations against armed groups do not involve burning the local population out of their homes.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/world/south-asia/atrocities-rohingyas-myanmar-have-hallmarks-ethnic-cleansing-hrw-1459276|title='Military atrocities on Rohingyas have hallmarks of ethnic cleansing'|date=September 8, 2017|website=The Daily Star}}</ref>

===Sri Lankan Tamils===
{{See also|1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|Black July}}
Widespread attacks on Sri Lankan Tamils came in the form of island wide ethnic riots, including The 1958 anti-Tamil pogrom and the Black July riots. Further persecution through murders, targeted rape and kidnapping occurred. Whilst previously, the majority of Tamils demanded instead for a separate state, by 1983 armed struggles against Sinhalese extremists began to rise, culminating in the formation of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Unsourced}}

===Uyghurs===
{{further|Persecution of Uyghurs in China|Xinjiang conflict}}

[[Uyghurs]] and other [[Turkic peoples]] in modern-day [[Xinjiang]] (called [[East Turkestan]] by [[East Turkestan independence movement|independence activists]]) declared two short-lived independent [[East Turkestan Republic (disambiguation)|East Turkestan Republic]]s<!--intentional link to DAB page--> in the 20th century.<ref name="WP-Uyghur"/><ref name="NYT-Uyghur"/> In late 1949, the region and the rest of China came under the control of the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name="WP-Uyghur">{{cite news |last1=Dou |first1=Eva |title=Who are the Uighurs, and what's happening to them in China? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/02/11/china-uighurs-genocide-xinjiang/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |agency=Washington Post |date=11 February 2021}}</ref>

Uyghur activist groups have said that anger towards the Chinese government has been fueled by years of state-sponsored oppression and discrimination.<ref name="WP-Uyghur"/> In 2017, the China began a large-scale crackdown on the Xinjiang region, which it justifies as a counterterrorism campaign following sporadic terrorist attacks in Xinjiang.<ref name="WP-Uyghur"/> Scholars estimate that the Chinese government detained over one million Uyghurs in [[Xinjiang internment camps|internment camps]] (also called re-education camps) in order to indoctrinate them away from religion and [[Sinicization|Sinicize]] them (assimilate them into [[Chinese culture]]).<ref name="WP-Uyghur"/><ref name="NYT-Uyghur">{{cite news |last1=Simons |first1=Marlise |title=Uighur Exiles Push for Court Case Accusing China of Genocide |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/06/world/asia/china-xinjiang-uighur-court.html |access-date=16 March 2021 |agency=New York Times |date=6 July 2020}}</ref> Critics of the policy have described it as the [[Sinicization]] of Xinjiang and they have also called it an [[ethnocide]] or a [[cultural genocide]],<ref name="indy">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html  |title='Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education' |work=[[The Independent]] |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422051855/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |title='Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs |work=[[The Times]] |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425012712/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |title=China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide' |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121105242/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |archive-date=21 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> while some governments, activists, independent [[NGO]]s, [[human rights]] organizations, academics, government officials, and the [[East Turkistan Government-in-Exile]] have called it a [[genocide]].<ref name="icij_Brit">{{Cite web |title=British lawmakers call for sanctions over Uighur human rights abuses |last=Alecci |first=Scilla |publisher=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] |date=October 14, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url= https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-08|title=Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref>