Editing Pedro II of Brazil (section)

=== Abolition of slavery and coup d'état ===
{{See also|Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)}}[[File:Família Imperial por Otto Hees.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=A group of people assembled on a columned porch at the top of a flight of steps, with one older woman seated, one younger woman leaning on the arm of an older bearded man, two younger men, and three small boys|The last picture of the imperial family in Brazil, 1889]]
By June 1887, the Emperor's health had considerably worsened, and his personal doctors suggested going to Europe for medical treatment.{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 3|pp=53–56}} While in [[Milan]] he passed two weeks between life and death, even being [[Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church|anointed]].<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=199}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|pp=61–62}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1421}}.</ref> While on a bed recovering, on 22 May 1888 he received news that [[Lei Áurea|slavery had been abolished]] in Brazil.{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=62}} With a weak voice and tears in his eyes, he said, "Great people! Great people!"<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=62}},
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=442}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1426}}.</ref> Pedro&nbsp;II returned to Brazil and disembarked in Rio de Janeiro in August 1888.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=200}}{{sfn|Calmon|1975|p=1438}} The "whole country welcomed him with an enthusiasm never seen before. From the capital, from the provinces, from everywhere, arrived proofs of affection and veneration."{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=64}} With the devotion expressed by Brazilians upon the return of the Emperor and the Empress from Europe, the monarchy seemed to enjoy unshakable support and to be at the height of its popularity.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=67}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=200}},
* {{harvnb|Vainfas|2002|p=201}},
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=444}}.</ref>

The nation enjoyed great international prestige during the final years of the Empire, and it had become an [[emerging power]] within the international arena.{{sfn|Topik|2000|p=56}}{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=306}} Predictions of economic and labor disruption caused by the abolition of slavery failed to materialize and the 1888 coffee harvest was successful.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=346}} The end of slavery had resulted in an explicit shift of support to [[republicanism]] by rich and powerful coffee farmers who held great political, economic, and social power in the country.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Schwarcz|1998|p=438}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=190}},
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|pp=348–349}}.</ref> Republicanism was an elitist creed which never flourished in Brazil, with little support in the provinces.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=349}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=121}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=206}},
* {{harvnb|Munro|1942|p=279}},
* {{harvnb|Ermakoff|2006|p=189}}.</ref> The combination of republican ideas and the dissemination of [[positivism]] among the army's lower and medium officer ranks led to indiscipline among the corps and became a serious threat to the monarchy. They dreamed of a dictatorial republic, which they believed would be superior to the monarchy.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=195}}{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=353}}

Although there was no desire in Brazil among the majority of the population to change the [[form of government]], the civilian republicans began pressuring army officers to overthrow the monarchy.{{sfn|Ermakoff|2006|p=189}}{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=450}} They launched a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|coup d'état]], arrested Prime Minister [[Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto]] and instituted the republic on 15 November 1889.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Barman|1999|p=360}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=104}},
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=219}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|p=1611}}.</ref> The few people who witnessed what occurred did not realize that it was a rebellion.{{sfn|Schwarcz|1998|p=459}}{{sfn|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=96}} Historian Lídia Besouchet noted that "[r]arely has a revolution been so minor."{{sfn|Besouchet|1993|p=538}} During the ordeal, Pedro&nbsp;II showed no emotion as if unconcerned about the outcome.{{sfn|Barman|1999|p=361}} He dismissed all suggestions for quelling the rebellion that politicians and military leaders put forward.<ref>See:
* {{harvnb|Carvalho|2007|p=217}},
* {{harvnb|Lira 1977, Vol 3|p=99}},
* {{harvnb|Calmon|1975|pp=1603–1604}}.</ref> When he heard the news of his deposition he simply commented: "If it is so, it will be my retirement. I have worked too hard and I am tired. I will go rest then."{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=218}} He and his family were sent into exile in Europe on 17 November.{{sfn|Carvalho|2007|p=220}}