Editing Paracetamol (section)

==Society and culture==
[[File:Read the Label! There are Risks from Taking Too Much Acetaminophen (5323869745).jpg|thumb|Awareness poster on acetaminophen abuse as issued by the FDA]]
===Naming===
''Paracetamol'' is the [[Australian Approved Name]]<ref>{{cite book |title=TGA Approved Terminology for Medicines |section=Section 1 – Chemical Substances |date=July 1999 |publisher=Therapeutic Goods Administration, Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government |page= 97 |url=http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/medicines-approved-terminology-chemical.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140211201639/http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/medicines-approved-terminology-chemical.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2014}}</ref> and [[British Approved Name]]<ref name="MacintyreRowbotham2008"/> as well as the [[international nonproprietary name]] used by the WHO and in many other countries; ''acetaminophen'' is the [[United States Adopted Name]]<ref name="MacintyreRowbotham2008"/> and [[Japanese Accepted Name]] and also the name generally used in Canada,<ref name="MacintyreRowbotham2008"/> Venezuela, Colombia, and Iran.<ref name= "MacintyreRowbotham2008">{{cite book |vauthors = Macintyre P, Rowbotham D, Walker S |title=Clinical Pain Management Second Edition: Acute Pain |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcsngfC9gQC&pg=PA85 |date=26 September 2008 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-340-94009-9 |page=85 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160817202730/https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcsngfC9gQC&pg=PA85 |archive-date=17 August 2016 }}</ref><ref name=INN>{{cite journal |title=International Non-Proprietary Name for Pharmaceutical Preparations (Recommended List #4) |journal=WHO Chronicle |date=March 1962 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=101–111 |url= https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/innlists/RL04.pdf |access-date=21 March 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160518192639/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/innlists/RL04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Both ''paracetamol'' and ''acetaminophen'' are contractions of chemical names for the compound. The word "paracetamol" is a shortened form of para-acetylaminophenol,<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Paracetamol |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paracetamol#:~:text=etymology,phenol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071323/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paracetamol#:~:text=etymology,phenol |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> and was coined by Frederick Stearns & Co in 1956,<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of Paracetamol, Its Various Uses & How It Affects You |url=https://www.fevermates.com/blogs/news/a-history-of-paracetamol-and-its-various-uses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071319/https://www.fevermates.com/blogs/news/a-history-of-paracetamol-and-its-various-uses |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=FeverMates}}</ref> while the word "acetaminophen" is a shortened form of N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), which was coined and first marketed by McNeil Laboratories in 1955.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Acetaminophen |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acetaminophen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071317/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/acetaminophen |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref> The initialism ''APAP'' is used by dispensing pharmacists in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaunt MJ |date=8 October 2013 |title=APAP: An Error-Prone Abbreviation |url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/apap-an-error-prone-abbreviation |url-status=live |journal=Pharmacy Times |series=October 2013 Diabetes |volume=79 |issue=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606002928/https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/apap-an-error-prone-abbreviation |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref>

===Available forms===
{{See also|Paracetamol brand names}}

Paracetamol is available in oral, suppository, and [[intravenous]] forms.<ref>{{cite book |chapter = Acetaminophen |title=Physicians' Desk Reference |date= 2009 |publisher=Physicians' Desk Reference |location=Montvale, N.J. |isbn=978-1-56363-703-2 |oclc = 276871036 |edition=63rd |pages = 1915–1916 }}</ref> Intravenous paracetamol is sold under the brand name Ofirmev in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors = Nam S |title=IV, PO, and PR Acetaminophen: A Quick Comparison |url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/stephanie-nam-pharmd-candidate-2017/2016/08/iv-po-and-pr-acetaminophen-a-quick-comparison |website=Pharmacy Times |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191024195854/https://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/stephanie-nam-pharmd-candidate-2017/2016/08/iv-po-and-pr-acetaminophen-a-quick-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In some formulations, paracetamol is combined with the [[opiate]] [[codeine]], sometimes referred to as [[co-codamol]] ([[British Approved Name|BAN]]) and Panadeine in Australia. In the U.S., this combination is available only by prescription.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acetaminophen and Codeine (Professional Patient Advice) |website=Drugs.com |date=29 June 2019 |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/acetaminophen-and-codeine.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520011658/https://www.drugs.com/ppa/acetaminophen-and-codeine.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 1 February 2018, medications containing codeine also became prescription-only in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Codeine information hub|url=https://www.tga.gov.au/codeine-info-hub|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Government|date=10 April 2018|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208232855/https://www.tga.gov.au/codeine-info-hub}}</ref> Paracetamol is also combined with other opioids such as [[dihydrocodeine]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Acetaminophen, Caffeine, and Dihydrocodeine (Professional Patient Advice) |website=Drugs.com |date=2 October 2019 |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/acetaminophen-caffeine-and-dihydrocodeine.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519154515/https://www.drugs.com/ppa/acetaminophen-caffeine-and-dihydrocodeine.html |url-status=live }}</ref> referred to as [[co-dydramol]] ([[British Approved Name]] (BAN)), [[oxycodone]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxycodone and Acetaminophen (Professional Patient Advice) |website=Drugs.com |date=11 November 2019 |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/oxycodone-and-acetaminophen.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200520113856/https://www.drugs.com/ppa/oxycodone-and-acetaminophen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or [[hydrocodone]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen (Professional Patient Advice) |website=Drugs.com |date=2 January 2020 |url=https://www.drugs.com/ppa/hydrocodone-and-acetaminophen.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521011245/https://www.drugs.com/ppa/hydrocodone-and-acetaminophen.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another very commonly used analgesic combination includes paracetamol in combination with [[propoxyphene napsylate]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Propoxyphene and Acetaminophen Tablets |website=Drugs.com |date=21 June 2019 |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/propoxyphene-and-acetaminophen-tablets.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520023253/https://www.drugs.com/pro/propoxyphene-and-acetaminophen-tablets.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A combination of paracetamol, codeine, and the [[doxylamine|doxylamine succinate]] is also available.<ref>{{cite web |title=APOHealth Paracetamol Plus Codeine & Calmative |website=Drugs.com |date=3 February 2020 |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/apohealth-paracetamol-plus-codeine-calmative.html |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200225175247/https://www.drugs.com/international/apohealth-paracetamol-plus-codeine-calmative.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paracetamol is sometimes combined with [[phenylephrine hydrochloride]].<ref name="AtkinsonStanescu2014">{{cite journal| vauthors=Atkinson HC, Stanescu I, Anderson BJ |title=Increased Phenylephrine Plasma Levels with Administration of Acetaminophen|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=370|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1171–1172|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1313942|pmid=24645960|doi-access=free|hdl=2292/34799|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sometimes a third active ingredient, such as [[ascorbic acid]],<ref name="AtkinsonStanescu2014"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/medicine-guides/pages/selectorshow.aspx?medicine=Ascorbic%20acid/Phenylephrine/Paracetamol |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |work=NHS Choices |title= Ascorbic acid/Phenylephrine/Paracetamol |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140326001907/http://www.nhs.uk/medicine-guides/pages/selectorshow.aspx?medicine=Ascorbic%20acid%2FPhenylephrine%2FParacetamol |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> [[caffeine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/medicine-guides/pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?medicine=Phenylephrine/Caffeine/Paracetamol%20dual%20relief |title=Phenylephrine/Caffeine/Paracetamol dual relief |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |work=NHS Choices |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326003729/http://www.nhs.uk/medicine-guides/pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?medicine=Phenylephrine%2FCaffeine%2FParacetamol%20dual%20relief |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Painkillers-paracetamol/Pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?medicine=Beechams%20Decongestant%20Plus%20With%20Paracetamol |title=Beechams Decongestant Plus With Paracetamol |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |work=NHS Choices |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140326001905/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Painkillers-paracetamol/Pages/MedicineOverview.aspx?medicine=Beechams%20Decongestant%20Plus%20With%20Paracetamol |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> [[Chlorphenamine|chlorpheniramine maleate]],<ref name="SenyuvaOzden2002">{{cite journal| vauthors=Senyuva H, Ozden T |title=Simultaneous High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Paracetamol, Phenylephrine HCl, and Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms|journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science|volume=40|issue=2|year=2002|pages=97–100| doi= 10.1093/chromsci/40.2.97|pmid=11881712|doi-access=free |title-link = doi }}</ref> or [[guaifenesin]]<ref name="JaninMonnet2014">{{cite journal| vauthors=Janin A, Monnet J |title= Bioavailability of paracetamol, phenylephrine hydrochloride and guaifenesin in a fixed-combination syrup versus an oral reference product|journal=Journal of International Medical Research|volume=42|issue=2|year=2014|pages=347–359|doi=10.1177/0300060513503762|pmid= 24553480|doi-access=free |title-link = doi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Paracetamol – phenylephrine hydrochloride – guaifenesin |work=NPS MedicineWise |publisher=National Prescribing Service (Australia) |url=http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/respiratory-system/cough-and-cold-medicines/for-individuals/cough-and-cold-medicines-active-ingredients/paracetamol-phenylephrine-hydrochloride-guaifenesin |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326033356/http://www.nps.org.au/medicines/respiratory-system/cough-and-cold-medicines/for-individuals/cough-and-cold-medicines-active-ingredients/paracetamol-phenylephrine-hydrochloride-guaifenesin |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Flu/Pages/selectorshow.aspx?medicine=Phenylephrine/Guaifenesin/Paracetamol |publisher=[[National Health Service]] |work=NHS Choices |title=Phenylephrine/Guaifenesin/Paracetamol |access-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130912075213/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Flu/Pages/selectorshow.aspx?medicine=Phenylephrine%2FGuaifenesin%2FParacetamol |archive-date=12 September 2013 }}</ref> is added to this combination.

{{Gallery
| align = center
| width = 220
| File:Tylenol rapid release pills.jpg|[[Tylenol (brand)|Tylenol]] 500 mg capsules
| File:Panadol.jpg|Panadol 500 mg tablets
| File:Paracetamol substance photo.jpg|For comparison: The pure drug is a colourless crystalline powder.
}}