Editing Oxycodone (section)

== Society and culture ==
===Opioid epidemic===
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{{See also|Opioid epidemic}}
Oxycodone, like other opioid analgesics, tends to induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and reduced anxiety in those who are occasional users.<ref>{{cite web|title=OxyContin: Pain Relief vs. Abuse|url=http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/features/oxycontin-pain-relief-vs-abuse|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024093615/https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/features/oxycontin-pain-relief-vs-abuse|url-status=live}}</ref> These effects make it one of the most commonly abused pharmaceutical drugs in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 April 2014|title=Top 10 Most Commonly Abused Prescription Medications|url=http://newlifehouse.com/top-10-commonly-abused-prescription-medications/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102052056/https://newlifehouse.com/top-10-commonly-abused-prescription-medications/|archive-date=2 January 2018|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The abuse of Oxycodone, as well as related opioids more broadly, is not unique to the United States and is a common drug of abuse globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opioid overdose |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=World Health Organization }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: forty-third report |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240023024 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=World Health Organization }}</ref>

====United States====
{{See also|Opioid epidemic in the United States}}

Oxycodone is the most widely recreationally used opioid in America. In the United States, more than 12 million people use opioid drugs recreationally.<ref name="Girioin">{{cite news|date=11 September 2013|title=FDA to require stricter labeling for pain drugs|pages=A1 and A9|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|vauthors=Girioin L, Haely M}}</ref> The [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] estimates that about 11 million people in the U.S. consume oxycodone in a non-medical way annually.<ref>[http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Now-a-counselor-she-went-from-stoned-to-straight-6605620.php Now a counselor, she went from stoned to straight], [[San Francisco Chronicle]], 2 November. 2015.</ref>

Opioids were responsible for 49,000 of the 72,000 [[drug overdose]] deaths in the U.S. in 2017.<ref name="NIDA-deaths">{{cite web|date=29 January 2019|title=Overdose Death Rates|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates|access-date=11 May 2019|website=www.drugabuse.gov|archive-date=28 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128091723/http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, about 42,800 emergency room visits occurred due to "episodes" involving oxycodone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxycontin and Addiction|url=http://consumer.healthday.com/encyclopedia/substance-abuse-38/drug-abuse-news-210/oxycontin-and-addiction-648264.html|access-date=24 April 2016|website=consumer.healthday.com|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415210939/http://consumer.healthday.com/encyclopedia/substance-abuse-38/drug-abuse-news-210/oxycontin-and-addiction-648264.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2008, recreational use of oxycodone and hydrocodone was involved in 14,800 deaths. Some of the cases were due to overdoses of the acetaminophen component, resulting in fatal liver damage.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105112147/http://www.cdc.gov/HomeandRecreationalSafety/pdf/PolicyImpact-PrescriptionPainkillerOD.pdf Policy Impact: Prescription Pain Killer Overdoses] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</ref>

In September 2013, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) released updated labeling guidelines for long-acting and extended-release opioids requiring manufacturers to remove moderate pain as an indication for use, instead stating the drug is for "pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long term opioid treatment".<ref>{{cite web|title=ER/LA Opioid Analgesic Class Labeling Changes and Postmarket Requirements|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/86875/download | format=PDF |access-date=12 September 2013|publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)|archive-date=18 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918062419/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/UCM367697.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The updated labeling does not restrict physicians from prescribing opioids for moderate pain, as needed.<ref name="Girioin" />

Reformulated OxyContin is causing some recreational users to change to [[heroin]], which is cheaper and easier to obtain.<ref>[http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/reformulated-oxycontin-reduces-abuse-but-many-addicts-have-switched-to-heroin/20068119.article Reformulated OxyContin reduces abuse but many addicts have switched to heroin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120051037/http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/reformulated-oxycontin-reduces-abuse-but-many-addicts-have-switched-to-heroin/20068119.article |date=20 November 2017 }}, The Pharmaceutical Journal, 16 March 2015.</ref>

=====Lawsuits=====
In October 2017, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' published a story on [[Mortimer Sackler]] and [[Purdue Pharma]] regarding their ties to the production and manipulation of the oxycodone markets.<ref name="eop" /> The article links Raymond and Arthur Sackler's business practices with the rise of direct pharmaceutical marketing and eventually to the rise of addiction to oxycodone in the United States. The article implies that the [[Sackler family]] bears some responsibility for the [[opioid epidemic in the United States]].<ref name="NewYorker_Keefe_20171023">{{Cite magazine|vauthors=Keefe PR|date=23 October 2017|title=The Family That Built an Empire of Pain|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/30/the-family-that-built-an-empire-of-pain|access-date=18 November 2017|issn=0028-792X|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122073308/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/30/the-family-that-built-an-empire-of-pain|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, ''[[The New York Times]]'' ran a piece confirming that [[Richard Sackler]], the son of Raymond Sackler, told company officials in 2008 to "measure our performance by Rx's by strength, giving higher measures to higher strengths".<ref>{{Cite news|vauthors=Meier B|date=31 January 2019|title=Sackler Scion's Email Reveals Push for High-Dose OxyContin, New Lawsuit Disclosures Claim|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/health/opioids-purdue-pharma-sackler.html|access-date=3 February 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202180610/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/health/opioids-purdue-pharma-sackler.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This was verified with documents tied to a lawsuit – which was filed by the Massachusetts attorney general, [[Maura Healey]] – claiming that Purdue Pharma and members of the Sackler family knew that high doses of OxyContin over long periods would increase the risk of serious side effects, including addiction.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Bebinger M, Willmsen C|date=15 January 2019|title=Mass. AG Implicates Family Behind Purdue Pharma In Opioid Deaths|work=WBUR Boston|url=https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2019/01/15/healey-purdue-oxycontin-sacklers-unredacted-complaint|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016135025/https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2019/01/15/healey-purdue-oxycontin-sacklers-unredacted-complaint|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite Purdue Pharma's proposal for a US$12 billion settlement of the lawsuit, the attorneys general of 23 states, including Massachusetts, rejected the settlement offer in September 2019.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=DeCosta-Klipa N|date=17 September 2019|title=Maura Healey explains why she refused to join the Purdue Pharma settlement|work=Boston.com|publisher=Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC|url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2019/09/17/maura-healey-purdue-settlement|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017195611/https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2019/09/17/maura-healey-purdue-settlement|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Australia====
The non-medical use of oxycodone existed since the early 1970s, but by 2015, 91% of a national sample of injecting drug users in Australia had reported using oxycodone, and 27% had injected it in the last six months.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/NDARCWeb.nsf/resources/DRUG_TRENDS_1_NAT/$file/DT001.PDF |title=Australian drug trends 2007. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS)|vauthors=Black E|publisher=National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7334-2625-4|location=Sydney|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080721045101/http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/NDARCWeb.nsf/resources/DRUG_TRENDS_1_NAT/$file/DT001.PDF |archive-date=21 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Canada====
Opioid-related deaths in Ontario had increased by 242% from 1969 to 2014.<ref name="The_Star_2014">{{cite web|vauthors=Boyle T|title=Opioid deaths soaring, study finds Opioid-related deaths in Ontario jumped by a whopping 242 per cent over two decades, according to a study by ICES and St. Mike's|date=7 July 2014|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2014/07/07/opioid_deaths_soaring_study_finds.html|work=The Star|location=Toronto, Ontario|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123191050/http://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2014/07/07/opioid_deaths_soaring_study_finds.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2009 in Ontario there were more deaths from oxycodone overdoses than from cocaine overdoses.<ref name="The_Star_2009">{{cite web|vauthors=Donovan K|title=Oxycodone found to be more deadly than heroin|date=10 February 2009|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2009/02/10/oxycodone_found_to_be_more_deadly_than_heroin.html|work=The Star|location=Toronto, Ontario|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=23 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123191054/http://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2009/02/10/oxycodone_found_to_be_more_deadly_than_heroin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Deaths from opioid pain relievers had increased from 13.7 deaths per million residents in 1991 to 27.2 deaths per million residents in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Study finds huge rise in oxycodone deaths|publisher=[[CTV News]]|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/study-finds-huge-rise-in-oxycodone-deaths-1.461899|access-date=7 December 2009|archive-date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628112202/http://www.ctvnews.ca/study-finds-huge-rise-in-oxycodone-deaths-1.461899|url-status=live}}</ref> The non-medical use of oxycodone in Canada became a problem. Areas where oxycodone is most problematic are [[Atlantic Canada]] and [[Ontario]], where its non-medical use is prevalent in rural towns and in many smaller to medium-sized cities.<ref name="Oxyabuse">{{cite web|title=OxyContin Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ccsa.ca/2006%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-003642-2006.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117203212/http://www.ccsa.ca/2006%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-003642-2006.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2008|access-date=10 May 2012|website=ccsa.ca|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oxycodone is also widely available across [[Western Canada]], but [[methamphetamine]] and [[heroin]] are more serious problems in larger cities, while oxycodone is more common in rural towns. Oxycodone is diverted through [[doctor shopping]], prescription forgery, pharmacy theft, and overprescription.<ref name="Oxyabuse" /><ref>{{cite web|date=11 January 2010|title=Health Canada – Misuse and Abuse of Oxycodone-based Prescription Drugs|url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/precurs/oxycodone/fs-fi/index-eng.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126013544/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/pubs/precurs/oxycodone/fs-fi/index-eng.php|archive-date=26 November 2011|access-date=10 May 2012|website=Hc-sc.gc.ca}}</ref>

The recent formulations of oxycodone, particularly Purdue Pharma's crush-, chew-, injection- and dissolve-resistant OxyNEO<ref>{{cite news| vauthors = Kirkey S |date=23 May 2012|title=OxyNEO another prescription for disaster?|newspaper=Globe and Mail|location=Toronto, Ontario}}</ref> which replaced the banned OxyContin product in Canada in early 2012, have led to a decline in the recreational use of this opiate but have increased the recreational use of the more potent drug fentanyl.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Criger E|date=17 August 2015|title=Death of OxyContin behind rise of fentanyl?|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2015/08/17/death-of-oxycontin-behind-rise-of-fentanyl/|access-date=7 February 2019|website=CityNews|publisher=Rogers Digital Media|archive-date=9 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180023/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2015/08/17/death-of-oxycontin-behind-rise-of-fentanyl/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse study quoted in [[Maclean's]] magazine, there were at least 655 fentanyl-related deaths in Canada in five years.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Gatehouse J, Macdonald N|date=22 June 2015|title=Fentanyl: The King of all Opiates, and a Killer Drug Crisis|url=http://www.macleans.ca/society/health/fentanyl-the-king-of-all-opiates-and-a-killer-drug-crisis/|access-date=15 December 2015|website=Maclean's|publisher=Rogers Media|archive-date=15 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215045912/http://www.macleans.ca/society/health/fentanyl-the-king-of-all-opiates-and-a-killer-drug-crisis/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Alberta, the Blood Tribe police claimed that from the fall of 2014 through January 2015, oxycodone pills or a lethal fake variation referred to as Oxy 80s<ref name="Southwick">{{cite news| vauthors = Southwick R |date=2 December 2015|title=Fentanyl brings tragedy to Blood Tribe|newspaper=Calgary Herald|location=Calgary, Alberta|url=https://calgaryherald.com/news/crime/fentanyl-brings-tragedy-to-blood-tribe|url-status=dead|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143028/http://calgaryherald.com/news/crime/fentanyl-brings-tragedy-to-blood-tribe|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> containing [[fentanyl]] made in illegal labs by members of organized crime were responsible for ten deaths on the [[Blood Indian Reserve No. 148|Blood Reserve]], which is located southwest of [[Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]].<ref name="Calgary_Herald_2015">{{citation|title=Police believe organized crime is flooding the Blood Tribe reserve with an illegal drug that has been linked to 10 deaths|date=23 January 2015|url=https://calgaryherald.com/storyline/police-believe-organized-crime-is-behind-flooding-the-blood-tribe-reserve-with-an-illegal-drug-that-has-been-linked-to-10-deaths|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124073724/http://calgaryherald.com/storyline/police-believe-organized-crime-is-behind-flooding-the-blood-tribe-reserve-with-an-illegal-drug-that-has-been-linked-to-10-deaths|location=Alberta|publisher=Calgary Herald|access-date=23 January 2015|archive-date=24 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Province-wide, approximately 120 Albertans died from fentanyl-related overdoses in 2014.<ref name="Southwick" />

====United Kingdom====
Prescriptions of Oxycodone rose in Scotland by 430% between 2002 and 2008, prompting fears of usage problems that would mirror those of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Gordon T|date=30 March 2008|title=Huge rise in Scots misuse of painkiller|work=Sunday Times (London)|url=https://www.thetimes.com/best-law-firms/profile-legal/article/huge-rise-in-scots-misuse-of-painkiller-q5bl8rlpb6b|access-date=12 April 2022|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010053102/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/huge-rise-in-scots-misuse-of-painkiller-q5bl8rlpb6b|url-status=live}}</ref> The first known death due to overdose in the UK occurred in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Thompson T|date=24 March 2002|title=Epidemic fear as 'hillbilly heroin' hits the streets|work=Society Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/mar/24/drugsandalcohol|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-date=26 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826005512/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/mar/24/drugsandalcohol|url-status=live}}</ref>

===={{anchor|OxyContin}}Preventive measures====
In August 2010, [[Purdue Pharma]] reformulated their long-acting oxycodone line, marketed as OxyContin, using a polymer, Intac,<ref name=DDD13.8>{{cite web |date=2010 |title=New Abuse Deterrent Formulation Technology for Immediate-Release Opioids |url=http://www.grunenthal.com/cms/cda/file/Drug+Development+%26+Delivery+October+2013+Vol+13+No+8.pdf?fileID=273800346&cacheFix=1383822554000&__k=3870fc7ab9c0252c7a9c8547fb47de75 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103656/http://www.grunenthal.com/cms/cda/file/Drug+Development+%26+Delivery+October+2013+Vol+13+No+8.pdf?fileID=273800346&cacheFix=1383822554000&__k=3870fc7ab9c0252c7a9c8547fb47de75 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=15 December 2015 |website=Grünenthal Group |publisher=Grünenthal Group Worldwide}}</ref> to make the pills more difficult to crush or dissolve in water<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Diep F|date=13 May 2013|title=How Do You Make a Painkiller Addiction-Proof|url=https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-05/science-un-crushable-oxycontin|access-date=30 January 2019|website=Popular Science|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214154207/https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-05/science-un-crushable-oxycontin/|url-status=live}}</ref> to reduce non-medical use of OxyContin.<ref>{{Cite conference|vauthors=Coplan P|year=2012|title=Findings from Purdue's Post-Marketing Epidemiology Studies of Reformulated OxyContin's Effects|url=http://www.nascsa.org/Conference2012/Presentations/Coplan.pdf|conference=NASCSA 2012 Conference|location=Scottsdale, Arizona|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614115419/http://www.nascsa.org/Conference2012/Presentations/Coplan.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2013|conference-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512052124/http://www.nascsa.org/conference2012.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=23 May 2013}}</ref> [[Inactive ingredient|Inactive ingredients/excipients]] are [[butylated hydroxytoluene]] (BHT), [[hypromellose]], [[PEG 400|polyethylene glycol 400]], polyethylene oxide, magnesium stearate, and titanium dioxide.<ref name="OxyContin FDA label">{{cite web | title=Oxycontin- oxycodone hydrochloride tablet, film coated, extended release | website=DailyMed | date=5 December 2024 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bfdfe235-d717-4855-a3c8-a13d26dadede | access-date=7 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="rxlist">{{cite web |title=Oxycontin (Oxycodone HCl): Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings |url=https://www.rxlist.com/oxycontin-drug.htm |website=RxList |language=en}}</ref><ref name=DDD13.8 /> The FDA approved relabeling the reformulated version as abuse-resistant in April 2013.<ref>{{cite press release |title=FDA approves abuse-deterrent labeling for reformulated OxyContin|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm348252.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520025104/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm348252.htm|archive-date=20 May 2013|access-date=23 May 2013|publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) }}</ref>

[[Pfizer]] manufactures a preparation of short-acting oxycodone, marketed as Oxecta, which contains inactive ingredients, referred to as tamper-resistant Aversion Technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pfizer and Acura Announce FDA Approval of Oxectatm (Oxycodone HCL, USP) CII|url=http://press.pfizer.com/press-release/pfizer-and-acura-announce-fda-approval-oxectatm-oxycodone-hcl-usp-cii|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111749/http://press.pfizer.com/press-release/pfizer-and-acura-announce-fda-approval-oxectatm-oxycodone-hcl-usp-cii|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=15 December 2015|website=Pfizer News and Media|publisher=Pfizer Inc.}}</ref> Approved by the FDA in the U.S. in June 2011, the new formulation, while not being able to deter oral recreational use, makes crushing, chewing, snorting, or injecting the opioid impractical because of a change in its chemical properties.<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Fiore K |date=20 June 2011|title=FDA Okays New Abuse-Resistant Opioid|url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/ProductAlert/Prescriptions/27157|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095414/http://www.medpagetoday.com/ProductAlert/Prescriptions/27157|archive-date=22 December 2015|access-date=15 December 2015|website=MedPage Today}}</ref>

===Legal status===
Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition, oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country. The 1931 [[Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs]] of the [[League of Nations]] included oxycodone.<ref>{{cite web |author=League of Nations |title=Convention for limiting the manufacture and regulating the distribution of narcotic drugs |year=1931 |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1931/07/19310713%2006-44%20AM/Ch_VI_8_ap.pdf |access-date=4 April 2009 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603203403/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1931/07/19310713%2006-44%20AM/Ch_VI_8_ap.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1961 [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] of the [[United Nations]], which replaced the 1931 convention, categorized oxycodone in Schedule I.<ref name="SingleConvention">{{cite web |title=United Nations conference for the adoption of a single convention on narcotic drugs. Final act |year=1961 |url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1964/12/19641213%2002-14%20AM/Ch_VI_15p.pdf |access-date=4 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817062450/http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1964/12/19641213%2002-14%20AM/Ch_VI_15p.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> Global restrictions on Schedule I drugs include "limit[ing] exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession of" these drugs; "requir[ing] medical prescriptions for the supply or dispensation of [these] drugs to individuals"; and "prevent[ing] the accumulation" of quantities of these drugs "in excess of those required for the normal conduct of business".<ref name="SingleConvention" />

==== Australia ====
Oxycodone is in Schedule I (derived from the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs) of the Commonwealth's Narcotic Drugs Act 1967.<ref>{{cite web |author=Commonwealth of Australia |title=Narcotic Drugs Act 1967 – first schedule |publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nda1967160/sch1.html |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=24 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624044036/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nda1967160/sch1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, it is in Schedule 8 of the Australian Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons ("Poisons Standard"), meaning it is a "controlled drug... which should be available for use but require[s] restriction of manufacture, supply, distribution, possession and use to reduce abuse, misuse and physical or psychological dependence".<ref>{{cite book |author=Australian Government. Department of Health and Aging. Therapeutic Goods Administration |title=Standard for the uniform scheduling of drugs and poisons no. 23 |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/3BBB39C4645284BCCA2574A6001C711F/$file/PoisonsStandard2008.pdf |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |location=Canberra |isbn=978-1-74186-596-7 |date=June 2008 |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419080155/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/3BBB39C4645284BCCA2574A6001C711F/$file/PoisonsStandard2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Canada ====
Oxycodone is a controlled substance under Schedule I of the [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]] (CDSA).<ref name="CanadaCDSA">{{cite web |last=Canada Department of Justice |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (1996, c. 19) |date=27 February 2009 |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/C-38.8///en |access-date=23 March 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605062114/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/C-38.8///en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Oxycocet.jpg|thumb|Canadian oxycodone HCL/acetaminophen 5/325 mg tablet]]

In February 2012, Ontario passed legislation to allow the expansion of an already existing drug-tracking system for publicly funded drugs to include those that are privately insured. This database will function to identify and monitor patient's attempts to seek prescriptions from multiple doctors or retrieve them from multiple pharmacies. Other provinces have proposed similar legislation, while some, such as Nova Scotia, have legislation already in effect for monitoring prescription drug use. These changes have coincided with other changes in Ontario's legislation to target the misuse of painkillers and high addiction rates to drugs such as oxycodone. As of 29 February 2012, Ontario passed legislation delisting oxycodone from the province's public drug benefit program. This was a first for any province to delist a drug based on addictive properties. The new law prohibits prescriptions for OxyNeo except to certain patients under the Exceptional Access Program including palliative care and in other extenuating circumstances. Patients already prescribed oxycodone will receive coverage for an additional year for OxyNeo, and after that, it will be disallowed unless designated under the exceptional access program.<ref>Olgilvie, Megan. [https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1133247--ontario-to-delist-oxycontin-and-its-substitute-from-drug-benefit-program "Ontario delisting OxyContin and its substitute from drug benefit program"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022441/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1133247--ontario-to-delist-oxycontin-and-its-substitute-from-drug-benefit-program |date=23 June 2012 }} Toronto Star (17 February 2012)</ref>

Much of the legislative activity has stemmed from Purdue Pharma's decision in 2011 to begin a modification of OxyContin's composition to make it more difficult to crush for snorting or injecting. The new formulation, OxyNeo, is intended to be preventive in this regard and retain its effectiveness as a painkiller. Since introducing its ''Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act'', Ontario has committed to focusing on drug addiction, particularly in the monitoring and identification of problem opioid prescriptions, as well as the education of patients, doctors, and pharmacists.<ref>[http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/programs/drugs/ons/ons_legislation.aspx Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607162003/http://health.gov.on.ca/en/public/programs/drugs/ons/ons_legislation.aspx |date=7 June 2020 }}. 2010. Ministry of Health and Long Term Care.</ref> This Act, introduced in 2010, commits to the establishment of a unified database to fulfil this intention.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2012 |url=http://healthydebate.ca/2011/02/_mailpress_mailing_list_healthydebate-news/opioids | vauthors = Dhalla I, Born K |website=healthydebate.ca |title=Opioids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321100652/http://healthydebate.ca/2011/02/_mailpress_mailing_list_healthydebate-news/opioids |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> Both the public and medical community have received the legislation positively, though concerns about the ramifications of legal changes have been expressed. Because laws are largely provincially regulated, many speculate a national strategy is needed to prevent smuggling across provincial borders from jurisdictions with looser restrictions.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/02/20/ontario-oxycontin-rules-national-regulations_n_1288375.html | title = Ontario OxyContin Rules: New Restrictions Applauded But National Rules Needed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923061253/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/02/20/ontario-oxycontin-rules-national-regulations_n_1288375.html | archive-date=23 September 2020 | work = Huffington Post. Canadian Press | date = 20 February 2012 }}</ref>

In 2015, Purdue Pharma's abuse-resistant OxyNEO and six generic versions of OxyContin had been on the Canada-wide approved list for prescriptions since 2012. In June 2015, then-federal Minister of Health Rona Ambrose announced that within three years, all oxycodone products sold in Canada would need to be tamper-resistant. Some experts warned that the generic product manufacturers may not have the technology to achieve that goal, possibly giving Purdue Pharma a monopoly on this opiate.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Weeks C, Howlett K |date=4 August 2015 |title=New oxycodone rules would give drug maker a monopoly in Canada, experts warn |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-oxycodone-rules-would-give-drug-maker-a-monoply-in-canada-experts-warn/article25820214/ |newspaper=Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, Ontario |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222143809/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/new-oxycodone-rules-would-give-drug-maker-a-monoply-in-canada-experts-warn/article25820214/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several class-action suits across Canada have been launched against the Purdue group of companies and affiliates. Claimants argue the pharmaceutical manufacturers did not meet a standard of care and were negligent in doing so. These lawsuits reference earlier judgments in the United States, which held that Purdue was liable for wrongful marketing practices and misbranding. Since 2007, the Purdue companies have paid over CAN$650 million in settling litigation or facing criminal fines.<!-- <ref>Martin, Kevin. {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120709211050/http://chealth.canoe.ca/channel_health_news_details.asp?channel_id=131&relation_id=1883&news_channel_id=131&news_id=26055&rid Lawsuit attacks OxyContin use]}}. C-Health. Sun Media (8 August 2008)</ref> This article is about alcohol use disorder. -->

==== Germany ====
The drug is in Appendix III of the Narcotics Act (''[[Betäubungsmittelgesetz]]'' or BtMG).<ref name="GermanNarcoticsAct">{{cite web|author=German Federal Ministry of Justice|title=Act on the circulation of narcotics (Narcotics Act – BtMG)|date=19 January 2009|language=de|url=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/btmg_1981/BJNR106810981.html|access-date=6 April 2009|archive-date=1 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301050758/http://bundesrecht.juris.de/btmg_1981/BJNR106810981.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The law allows only physicians, dentists, and veterinarians to prescribe oxycodone and the federal government to regulate the prescriptions (e.g., by requiring reporting).<ref name="GermanNarcoticsAct" />

==== Hong Kong ====
Oxycodone is regulated under Part I of Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance.<ref name="HKOrdinance">{{cite web|author=Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China|title=Dangerous drugs ordinance – chapter 134|publisher=Hong Kong Legal Information Institute |url=http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/cur/134.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215204612/http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/en/ord/cur/134.txt |url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2007|access-date=8 April 2009}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
Oxycodone is a restricted drug in Japan. Its import and export are strictly restricted to specially designated organizations having a prior permit to import it. In a high-profile case an American who was a top Toyota executive living in Tokyo, who claimed to be unaware of the law, was arrested for importing oxycodone into Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/toyotas-american-pr-chief-arrested-on-suspected-drug-violation|title=Toyota's American PR chief arrested for suspected drug violation|date=19 June 2015 |access-date=11 February 2018|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424223427/http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/toyotas-american-pr-chief-arrested-on-suspected-drug-violation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/topstocks/toyota-american-exec-did-not-intend-to-break-japan-law/ar-AAbP7OC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619204445/http://www.msn.com/en-us/money/topstocks/toyota-american-exec-did-not-intend-to-break-japan-law/ar-AAbP7OC|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2015|title=Toyota: American exec did not intend to break Japan law|website=[[MSN]]|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

==== Singapore ====
Oxycodone is listed as a Class A drug in the [[Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)|Misuse of Drugs Act]] of Singapore, which means offences concerning the drug attract the most severe level of punishment. A conviction for unauthorized manufacture of the drug attracts a [[mandatory sentencing|minimum sentence]] of 10 years of imprisonment and [[caning in Singapore|corporal punishment]] of 5 strokes of the cane, and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 30 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane.<ref>{{Singapore legislation|title=Misuse of Drugs Act|cap=185|ed=2008}} (Singapore), section 6(1).</ref> The minimum and maximum penalties for unauthorized trafficking in the drug are respectively 5 years of imprisonment and 5 strokes of the cane, and 20 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane.<ref>Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore), section 5(1).</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
Oxycodone is a Class A drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]].<ref name="UKAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cdlist.pdf?view=Binary|title=List of drugs currently controlled under the Misuse of Drugs legislation|year=2009|publisher=UK. Home Office|access-date=8 April 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205105239/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cdlist.pdf?view=Binary|archive-date=5 February 2007}}</ref> For Class A drugs, which are "considered to be the most likely to cause harm", possession without a prescription is punishable by up to seven years in prison, an unlimited fine, or both.<ref name="UKClassABC">{{cite web |url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/ |title=Class A, B and C drugs |publisher=UK. Home Office |access-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804233232/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/drugs/drugs-law/Class-a-b-c/ |archive-date=4 August 2007 }}</ref> Dealing of the drug illegally is punishable by up to life imprisonment, an unlimited fine, or both.<ref name="UKClassABC" /> Oxycodone is a Schedule 2 drug under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 which "provide certain exemptions from the provisions of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971".<ref name="UKRegs">{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2001/20013998.htm|title=Statutory instrument 2001 No. 3998. The Misuse of Drugs regulations 2001|publisher=UK. Office of Public Sector Information|access-date=8 April 2009|archive-date=18 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418213845/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2001/20013998.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Under the Controlled Substances Act, oxycodone is a [[List of Schedule II drugs|Schedule II controlled substance]] whether by itself or part of a multi-ingredient medication.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DEA |title=Controlled substance scheduling |url=http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml |website=Drug information and scheduling |publisher=Drug Enforcement Administration |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121093241/http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml |archive-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) lists oxycodone both for sale and for use in manufacturing other opioids as ACSCN 9143 and in 2013 approved the following annual aggregate manufacturing quotas: 131.5 metric tons for sale, down from 153.75 in 2012, and 10.25 metric tons for conversion, unchanged from the previous year.<ref name=Examples>{{cite web |title=DEA Diversion Control CSA |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/ |publisher=US Dept of Justice – DEA |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-date=16 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516164501/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, oxycodone possession was decriminalized in the U.S. state of [[Oregon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/oregon-first-decriminalizing-hard-drugs-01edca37c776c9ea8bfd4afdd7a7a33e|title=Oregon leads the way in decriminalizing hard drugs|work=The Associated Press|vauthors=Selsky A|date=4 November 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813035025/https://apnews.com/article/oregon-first-decriminalizing-hard-drugs-01edca37c776c9ea8bfd4afdd7a7a33e|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economics===
The [[International Narcotics Control Board]] estimated {{convert|11.5|ST}} of oxycodone were manufactured worldwide in 1998;<ref name="INCB2009"/> by 2007 this figure had grown to {{convert|75.2|ST}}.<ref name="INCB2009">{{cite book |author=International Narcotics Control Board |title=Narcotic drugs: estimated world requirements for 2009; statistics for 2007. Report E/INCB/2008/2 |publisher=United Nations |year=2009 |location=New York |isbn=978-92-1-048124-3 |url=http://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2008/Narcotics_drugs_publication2008.pdf |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930085535/https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2008/Narcotics_drugs_publication2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> United States accounted for 82% of consumption in 2007 at {{convert|51.6|ST}}. Canada, Germany, Australia, and France combined accounted for 13% of consumption in 2007.<ref name=INCB2009 /><ref name=UNPainpolicy>{{cite web |title=Availability of Opioid Analgesics in the World and Asia, With a special focus on: Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand |url=http://www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/publicat/monograp/philippines08.pdf |work=University of Wisconsin Pain & Policy Studies Group/World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Policy and Communications in Cancer Care |publisher=United Nations |access-date=27 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005126/http://www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/publicat/monograp/philippines08.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> In 2010, {{convert|1.3|ST}} of oxycodone were illegally manufactured using a fake pill imprint. This accounted for 0.8% of consumption. These illicit tablets were later seized by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, according to the International Narcotics Control Board.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.incb.org/incb/en/narcotic-drugs/Technical_Reports/2011/narcotic-drugs-technical-report_2011.html |title=Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 and Statistics for 2010 |author=International Narcotics Control Board |year=2011 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York }}</ref> The board also reported {{convert|122.5|ST}} manufactured in 2010. This number had decreased from a record high of {{convert|135.9|ST}} in 2009.<ref>[http://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2011/Part_FOUR_Comments_NAR-Report-2011_English.pdf Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2012 and Statistics for 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713133511/http://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2011/Part_FOUR_Comments_NAR-Report-2011_English.pdf |date=13 July 2020 }}. International Narcotics Control Board (2011).</ref>

===Names===
Expanded expressions for the compound oxycodone in the academic literature include "dihydrohydroxycodeinone",<ref name="MerckIndex">{{cite book|title=The Merck index|publisher=Merck & Co.|year=2006|isbn=978-0-911910-00-1| veditors = O'Neil MJ |edition=14th|location=Whitehouse Station, NJ}}</ref><ref name="Eddy1973">{{cite book| vauthors = Eddy NB | title=The National Research Council involvement in the opiate problem, 1928–1971|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|year=1973|location=Washington}}</ref><ref name="MayJacobson">{{cite journal | vauthors = May EL, Jacobson AE | title = The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence: a legacy of the National Academy of Sciences. A historical account | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 183–218 | date = June 1989 | pmid = 2666074 | doi = 10.1016/0376-8716(89)90083-5 }}</ref> "Eucodal",<ref name="Eddy1973" /><ref name="MayJacobson" /> "Eukodal",<ref name="Kalso2005"/><ref name="sunshine1996" /> "14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone",<ref name="MerckIndex" /><ref name="Eddy1973" /> and "Nucodan".<ref name="Eddy1973" /><ref name="MayJacobson" /> In a [[UNESCO]] [[Treaty|convention]], the translations of "oxycodone" are ''oxycodon'' (Dutch), ''oxycodone'' (French), ''oxicodona'' (Spanish), {{Script|Arab|الأوكسيكودون}} (Arabic), {{Script|Hant|羟考酮}} (Chinese), and {{Script|Cyrl|оксикодон}} (Russian).<ref>{{cite web|author1=United Nations Educational, Scientific|author2=Cultural Organization|year=2005|title=International convention against doping in sport|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001425/142594m.pdf|access-date=4 April 2009|archive-date=4 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704122051/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001425/142594m.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The word "oxycodone" should not be confused with "[[oxandrolone]]", "[[oxazepam]]", "[[oxybutynin]]", "[[oxytocin]]", or "[[Roxanol]]".<ref name="MEDMARX">{{cite book|url=https://psnet.ahrq.gov/node/37527/psn-pdf |title=MEDMARX data report. A report on the relationship of drug names and medication errors in response to the Institute of Medicine's call for action|publisher=Center for the Advancement of Patient Safety, US Pharmacopeia|year=2008|veditors=Hicks RW, Becker SC, Cousins DD|location=Rockville, MD|access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref>

Other brand names include Longtec and Shortec.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Postlethwaite J|title=Oxycodone Longtec Patient Leaflet|url=https://www.gwh.nhs.uk/media/168380/oxycodone_longtec_patient_leaflet_sept_14.pdf|access-date=23 March 2019|website=Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323155550/https://www.gwh.nhs.uk/media/168380/oxycodone_longtec_patient_leaflet_sept_14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>