Editing Orange Group (section)

===Orange Labs===
Orange Labs (formerly France Télécom R&D) is the research and development division of Orange.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.fr/  |title=Bienvenue au CNET – centre de R&D de France Télécom (archived website) |year=1996 |access-date=3 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19961222130140/http://www.cnet.fr/ |archive-date = 22 December 1996}}</ref><ref name="ebu">{{citation |url=http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_273-tdf.pdf |title=R&D management, TDF Customer- and product-oriented expertise |year=1997 |author=C. Schwartz, D. Frossard |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref> This division was derived from different previous entities, such as CNET ([[Centre national d'études des télécommunications]]) created in 1944, the [[Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications|CCETT]] created in 1972, as well as other entities.<ref name="cnet2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnet.fr/accueil_a.html |title=CNET – a half century of innovation (archived website) |year=2008 |access-date=3 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612081852/http://www.cnet.fr/accueil_a.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccett.fr/eng/01a.htm  |title=Expanding the offer of France Telecom and TDF (archived website) |date=20 April 2001 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010420003358/http://www.ccett.fr/eng/01a.htm |archive-date = 20 April 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccett.fr/welcome.htm |title=CCETT – Joint Research Center for Broadcast and Telecommunications (archived website) |year=1997 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970703215943/http://www.ccett.fr/welcome.htm |archive-date=3 July 1997 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebu.ch/fr/technical/trev/trev_287-bookshelf.html |title=EBU Technical Review – Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) |year=2001 |access-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120053658/http://www.ebu.ch/fr/technical/trev/trev_287-bookshelf.html |archive-date=20 January 2012  }}</ref> In 2007, France Télécom R&D became known as Orange Labs, a global network of R&D entities.<ref name="svc">{{citation |url=http://www.ebu.ch/fr/technical/trev/trev_2008-Q2_svc-kouadio.pdf |title=SVC – a highly-scalable version of H.264/AVC |year=2008 |access-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120053811/http://www.ebu.ch/fr/technical/trev/trev_2008-Q2_svc-kouadio.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2012  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/actualites/lire-france-telecom-retd-devient-orange-labs-21870.html |title=France Telecom R&D devient Orange Labs |author=Olivier Corredo |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref>

CCETT/France Télécom R&D contributed to various international standards, such as [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] [[Moving Picture Experts Group|MPEG]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccett.fr/audio/c7_audio.htm |title=CCETT – Welcome to the CCETT's MPEG Audio Web Site (archived website) |year=1997 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970414035829/http://www.ccett.fr/audio/c7_audio.htm |archive-date=14 April 1997 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and [[Joint Photographic Experts Group|JPEG]] standards or [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]] and [[Digital Video Broadcasting|DVB]] standards.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.annales.org/ri/2006/fevrier/rannou.pdf |title=Des élaborations collectives – Le pôle de compétitivité – Images & Réseaux |year=2006 |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/faultline.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122013656/http://ride.chiariglione.org/faultline.htm |title=Riding the Media Bits – MPEG's third steps |author=Leonardo Chiariglione |archive-date=22 January 2011 |date=6 September 2009 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leonardo.chiariglione.org/projects/vadis/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725163747/http://leonardo.chiariglione.org/projects/vadis/index.htm |title=VADIS FINAL PROJECT REPORT |author=Leonardo Chiariglione |archive-date=25 July 2011 |date=17 March 2005 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0KSa6w3qH4C&q=ccett%20dab&pg=PA6 |title=Digital audio broadcasting: principles and applications of DAB, DAB+ and DMB |author= Wolfgang Hoeg, Thomas Lauterbach |access-date=1 August 2010|isbn=9780470746196 |date=3 June 2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/1195/4203/00160472.pdf%3Farnumber%3D160472&authDecision=-203 |title=STERNE: the CCETT proposal for digital television broadcasting |year=1992 |access-date=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvb.org/membership/list_of_members/50237/index.xml?id= |title=DVB Project – List of Members – TDF |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623165557/https://www.dvb.org/members/list |url-status=dead }}</ref> CCETT, [[Institut für Rundfunktechnik|IRT]] and [[Philips]] developed a digital audio two-channel compression system known as Musicam or [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II|MPEG Audio Layer II]] ([[Emmy Award]] in Engineering 2000).<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.emmyonline.tv/tech/applications/engineering_award_winners_rev3.pdf |title=National Academey<!--sic--> of Television Arts and Sciences, Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development Awards |access-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414233617/http://www.emmyonline.tv/tech/applications/engineering_award_winners_rev3.pdf |archive-date=14 April 2010  }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Monitoring research 11 September 97 – Analysis; What's new on the DAB front?|date=11 September 1997|publisher=BBC Monitoring|quote=experiments aimed at mobile receivers were first carried out by France's Centre Commun d'Etudes de Telediffusion et Telecommunications (CCETT) in 1984.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccett.fr/eng/03b2.htm  |title=CCETT – DAB : Digital Audio Broadcasting (archived website) |date=11 February 2001 |access-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010211120613/http://www.ccett.fr/eng/03b2.htm |archive-date = 11 February 2001}}</ref>

In 2010, Orange devoted 1.9% of its revenue, or €845&nbsp;million, to research and development. Since January 2007 Orange has unified its research laboratories and technocentres in the Orange Labs network. {{As of|2010|12|31}} Orange held a portfolio of 7,892 patents, 327 which were filed in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amf-france.org/DocDoif/txtint/RAPOSTPdf/2011/2011-022700.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217013759/http://www.amf-france.org/DocDoif/txtint/RAPOSTPdf/2011/2011-022700.pdf |title=Document de Référence 2010 - p.286 |publisher=France Télécom |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> Orange employs 3,700 people in research and development per year throughout the organisation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orange.com/fr_FR/innovation/creer/recherche_developpement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328022826/http://www.orange.com/fr_FR/innovation/creer/recherche_developpement/ |title=La force de la recherche et du développement |language=fr |publisher=Orange |archive-date=28 March 2012 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> including more than 200 doctoral candidates and post-doctorates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orange.com/fr_FR/innovation/partenariats/meilleurs_universites/index.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328163021/http://www.orange.com/fr_FR/innovation/partenariats/meilleurs_universites/index.jsp |title=Une étroite collaboration avec le monde académique |language=fr |publisher=Orange |archive-date=28 March 2012 |access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> Orange's research and development is based on partnerships with industry, suppliers and operators, universities and schools, academic institutes and research programs such as the following:

{| class="wikitable centre"
|-
! Partner !! Type
|-
| [[China Telecom]] || Supplier and operator
|-
| [[Deutsche Telekom]] || Supplier and operator
|-
| [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] || Academic institute
|-
| [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|CNRS]] || Academic institute
|-
| [[National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control|INRIA]] ||Academic institute
|-
| [[Supélec]] || University/School
|-
| [[IMT Atlantique]]|| University/School
|- 
| [[École Normale Supérieure]] || University/School
|- 
| [[ESSEC Business School|ESSEC]] - Chaire Media & Entertainment || University/School
|- 
| École Normale Supérieure - chaire de cryptologie || University/School
|- 
| [[Paris Descartes University]] - chaire pluridisciplinaire || University/School
|- 
| [[École polytechnique (France)|École polytechnique]] - chaire Innovation et Régulation ||University/School
|-
| [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] || University/School
|-
| Beijing University of Post and Telecom ||  University/School
|- 
| [[Imperial College London]] ||  University/School
|-
| [[Agence Nationale de la Recherche]] || Research program
|}

Two types of infrastructure coexist in Orange's research and development: the research laboratories and the technocentres. The latter are responsible for Orange innovations<ref name="L'Expansion sur la RetD d'Orange"/> and consist of multidisciplinary teams of researchers, engineers, and marketing and sales personnel.

{| class="wikitable sortable centre"
|-
! Type !! City !! Country
|-
| Technocentre || Chatillon || France
|-
| Technocentre || London ||United Kingdom
|-
| Technocentre || Warsaw || Poland
|-
| Technocentre || Amman || Jordan
|-
| R&D || - || Spain
|-
| R&D || San Francisco || United States
|-
| R&D || Beijing || China
|-
| R&D || Cairo || Egypt
|-
| R&D || Tokyo || Japan
|-
| R&D || Issy les Moulineaux || France
|-
| R&D || Caen || France
|-
| R&D || Grenoble || France
|-
| R&D || Rennes || France
|-
| R&D || Lannion || France
|-
| R&D || Sophia Antipolis || France
|-
| R&D || La Turbie || France
|-
| R&D || Belfort || France
|}