Editing Notre-Dame de Paris (section)

==Bells==
{{main|Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris}}
[[File:ND G1 Emmanuel.ogg|thumb|Emmanuel's volley solo]]
Notre-Dame currently has ten [[bell]]s. The two [[Bourdon (bell)|largest bells]], Emmanuel and Marie, are mounted in the south tower. The eight others; Gabriel, Anne Geneviève, Denis, Marcel, Étienne, Benoît-Joseph, Maurice, and Jean-Marie; are mounted in the north tower. In addition to accompanying regular activities at the cathedral, the bells have also rung to commemorate events of national and international significance, such as the [[armistice of 11 November 1918]], the [[liberation of Paris]], the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]], and the [[September 11 attacks]].

The bells are made with [[Bell metal|bronze]] for its resonance and resistance to corrosion. During the medieval period, they were often [[Bellfounding|founded]] on the grounds of the cathedral so they would not need to be transported long distances.<ref>Follett 2019, pp. 24–25.</ref> According to tradition, the bishop of Paris held a ceremony in which he [[Church bell#Blessing of bells|blessed and baptized]] the bells, and a godparent formally bestowed a name on the bell. Most of the cathedral's early bells were named after the person who donated them, but they were also named after biblical figures, saints, bishops, and others.

After the baptism, the bells were hoisted into the towers through circular openings in the vaulted ceilings and mounted to headstocks to allow the bells to swing. Notre-Dame's bells swing on a straight swinging axis, meaning the axis of rotation is just above the crown of the bell. This style of ringing produces a clearer tone, as the clapper strikes the bell on the upswing, called a flying clapper. It also causes horizontal forces, which can be up to one and a half times the weight of the bell.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lehr|first1=André|translator-last1=Schafer|translator-first1=Kimberly|year=2005|title=Campanology Textbook|url=https://communitybelladvocates.com/the-physics-of-swinging-bells/|language=German|pages=70–71|access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125050551/https://communitybelladvocates.com/the-physics-of-swinging-bells/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> For this reason the bells are mounted within wooden [[Belfry (architecture)|belfries]] which are recessed from the towers' stone walls. These absorb the horizontal forces and prevent the bells from damaging the relatively brittle stonework.<ref name="Sandron">Sandron 2005.</ref> The current belfries date to the 19th-century restoration.

Before the French Revolution, it was common for the bells to break, and they were often removed for repairs or to be entirely recast, and sometimes renamed. The bell Guillaume, for example, was renamed three times and recast five times between 1230 and 1770.

The practice of bell-ringing at Notre-Dame is recorded as early as 1198.<ref name="Sandron"/> By the end of the 14th century the bells were marking the civil hours, and in 1472 they began to call to prayer for the [[Angelus]] three times a day, both practices which continue today. During the French Revolution, most of the cathedral's bells were removed and melted down. Many of them bore the names of the medieval bells, and were relatively recent recastings made from most of the same metal. During the 19th-century restoration, four new bells were made for the north tower. These were replaced in 2012 with nine as part of the cathedral's 850th anniversary celebration.

In addition to the main bells, the cathedral also had smaller secondary bells. These included a [[carillon]] in the medieval flèche, three clock bells on the north transept in the 18th century, and six bells added in the 19th century – three in the reconstructed flèche and three within the roof to be heard in the sanctuary.<ref>Doré 2012, pp. 200–208.</ref> These were destroyed during the 2019 fire.

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File:Notre-dame-de-paris-vue-interieure-salle-nord.jpg|Circular utility door (right of center) in the ceiling below the north tower made for raising and lowering bells<ref name="Sandron"/>
File:Bourdon Emmanuel in 2016 (36378821523).jpg|The bourdon Emmanuel, Notre-Dame's largest and oldest bell, cast in 1686<ref>Doré 2012, p. 203.</ref>
File:Encyclopedie volume 4-176pl7 (2).jpg|1767 illustration of a bell headstock and mounting components (left) and Notre-Dame's original south belfry (right)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Fonte des cloches |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopédie]] |publisher=Chez Briasson, David, Le Breton |location=Paris |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_-_Planches_-_Volume_4#Fonte_des_cloches |date=1767 |editor-last=Diderot |editor-first=Denis |editor-link=Denis Diderot |volume=Planches 4 |language=Fr |access-date=3 January 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005113501/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die_-_Planches_-_Volume_4#Fonte_des_cloches |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Notre-Dame's belfry was used as the model for this diagram. The stonework, however, was not drawn to be accurate. See Billon 1821, p. 148 and Doré 2012, p. 203.}}
File:Coupe.beffroi.cathedrale.Paris.2.png|1854 illustration by Pégard showing the 1850 belfry which is present today<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle/Beffroi – Wikisource |url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XIe_au_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle/Beffroi |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=fr.wikisource.org |page=193 |language=fr |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831065759/https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionnaire_raisonn%C3%A9_de_l%E2%80%99architecture_fran%C3%A7aise_du_XIe_au_XVIe_si%C3%A8cle/Beffroi |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Anciennes cloches de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris le 6 août 2014 - 02.jpg|The four 19th-century bells which were retired in 2012
File:Notre-Dame de Paris - Les nouvelles cloches - 001.jpg|Nine new bells exhibited in the nave in February 2013
File:Bourdon Marie.JPG|The second bourdon Marie mounted in the south belfry
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