Editing Nonmetal (section)

===Organization of elements by types===
{{see also | Discovery of chemical elements}}
In the late 1700s, French chemist [[Antoine Lavoisier]] published the first modern list of chemical elements in his revolutionary<ref>[[#Strathern2000|Strathern 2000, p. 239]]</ref> 1789 ''[[Traité élémentaire de chimie]]''. The 33 elements known to Lavoisier were categorized into four distinct groups, including gases, metallic substances, nonmetallic substances that form acids when oxidized,<ref name=Moore1918>{{Cite book |last1=Moore  |first1=F. J. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchemist030951mbp/page/n125/mode/2up?q=lavoisier |title=A History Of Chemistry |last2=Hall |first2=William T. |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1918 |pages=99 |access-date=2024-08-01}} Lavoisier's Table is reproduced on page 99.</ref> and [[Earth (historical chemistry)|earths]] (heat-resistant oxides).<ref>[[#Criswell|Criswell 2007, p. 1140]]</ref> Lavoisier's work gained widespread recognition and was republished in twenty-three editions across six languages within its first seventeen years, significantly advancing the understanding of chemistry in Europe and America.<ref>[[#Salzberg|Salzberg 1991, p. 204]]</ref>  Lavoisier's chemistry was "dualistic",: "salts" were combinations of "acid" and "base"; acids where combinations of oxygen and metals while bases where combinations of oxygen and nonmetals. This view prevailed despite increasing evidence that chemicals like [[chlorine]] and [[ammonia]] contained no oxygen, in large part due the vigious if sometimes misguided defense by the Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius]].<ref name=Moore1918/>{{rp|165}}

In 1802 the term "metalloids" was introduced for elements with the physical properties of metals but the chemical properties of non-metals.<ref name="Friend1953">Friend JN 1953, ''Man and the Chemical Elements,'' 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York</ref> In 1811 Berzelius used the term "metalloids"<ref>[[#Berzelius|Berzelius 1811, p. 258]]</ref> to describe all nonmetallic elements, noting their ability to form [[oxyanion|negatively charged ions with oxygen]] in [[aqueous solution]]s.<ref>[[#Partington1964|Partington 1964, p.&nbsp;168]]</ref><ref name="B1832">[[#Bache|Bache 1832, p.&nbsp;250]]</ref> Drawing on this, in 1864 the "Manual of Metalloids" divided all elements into either metals or metalloids, with the latter group including elements now called nonmetals.<ref>Apjohn, J. (1864). Manual of the Metalloids. United Kingdom: Longman.</ref>{{rp|31}}  Reviews of the book indicated that the term "metalloids" was still endorsed by leading authorities,<ref name="Thechemical1864">[[#Thechemical1864|''The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science'' 1864]]</ref> but there were reservations about its appropriateness. While Berzelius' terminology gained significant acceptance,<ref name="goldsmith">[[#Goldsmith|Goldsmith 1982, p.&nbsp;526]]</ref> it later faced criticism from some who found it counterintuitive,<ref name="B1832"/> misapplied,<ref name=r4>[[#Roscoe|Roscoe & Schormlemmer 1894, p.&nbsp;4]]</ref> or even invalid.<ref>[[#Glinka1960|Glinka 1960, p.&nbsp;76]]</ref>  The idea of designating elements like [[arsenic]] as metalloids had been considered.<ref name="Thechemical1864"/> The use of the term "metalloids" persisted in France as textbooks of chemistry appeared in the 1800s. During this period, "metals" as a chemical category were characterized by a single property, their affinity for oxygen, while "metalloids" were organized by comparison of many characteristic analogous to the approach of [[naturalists]].<ref>[[#Bertomeu|Bertomeu-Sánchez et al. 2002, pp. 235]]</ref>
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