Editing Nobel Prize (section)

== Specially distinguished laureates ==
=== Multiple laureates ===
[[File:Marie Curie 1903.jpg|left|thumb|upright|alt=A black and white portrait of a woman in profile. |[[Marie Skłodowska-Curie]], one of five people who have received the Nobel Prize twice (Physics and Chemistry)]]
Five people have received two Nobel Prizes. [[Marie Skłodowska-Curie]] received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on [[radioactive decay|radioactivity]] and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure [[radium]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2009 |title=Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/5715220/Marie-Curie-voted-greatest-female-scientist.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 January 2010 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/5715220/Marie-Curie-voted-greatest-female-scientist.html |archive-date=10 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. [[Linus Pauling]] was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the [[chemical bond]] and its application to the [[Chemical structure|structure]] of complex substances. Pauling was also awarded the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes. [[John Bardeen]] received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the [[transistor]] and in 1972 for the theory of [[superconductivity]].<ref name="Feldman180">[[Nobel Prize#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 180.</ref> [[Frederick Sanger]] received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the [[insulin]] molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.<ref name="Shalev78">[[Nobel Prize#Shalev69|Shalev]], p. 78.</ref><ref name="Feldman222">[[Nobel Prize#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 222.</ref> [[Karl Barry Sharpless]] was awarded the 2001 Chemistry Prize for his research into chirally catalysed oxidation reactions, and the 2022 Chemistry Prize for [[click chemistry]].

Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary.<ref name="Abrams84">[[Nobel Prize#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 84.</ref><ref name="Abrams149">[[Nobel Prize#Abrams|Abrams]], p. 149.</ref><ref name="Abrams199-200">[[Nobel Prize#Abrams|Abrams]], pp. 199–200.</ref> The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] has been awarded the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.<ref name="Feldman313">[[Nobel Prize#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 313.</ref>

=== Family laureates ===
The [[Curie family]] has received the most prizes, with four prizes awarded to five individual laureates. [[Marie Skłodowska-Curie]] received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband, [[Pierre Curie]], shared the 1903 Physics prize with her.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marie Curie (1867–1934) |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml |access-date=21 January 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126075739/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Their daughter, [[Irène Joliot-Curie]], received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband [[Frédéric Joliot-Curie]]. In addition, [[Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.|Henry Labouisse]], the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter [[Ève Curie]], was the director of [[UNICEF]] when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf.<ref name="Feldman405">[[Nobel Prize#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 405.</ref>

Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the husband-and-wife team of [[Gerty Cori]] and [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]] in 1947,<ref name="GrinsteinBiermann1997">{{Cite book |last1=Grinstein |first1=Louise S. |url=https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin |title=Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook |last2=Biermann |first2=Carol A. |last3=Rose |first3=Rose K. |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-313-29180-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninbiologica00grin/page/108 108]–110 |access-date=25 December 2012 |url-access=registration}}</ref> and to the husband-and-wife team of [[May-Britt Moser]] and [[Edvard Moser]] in 2014 (along with [[John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)|John O'Keefe]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/ |access-date=28 January 2015 |website=Nobel Foundation |archive-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007190458/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Physics Prize in 1906 was won by [[J. J. Thomson]] for showing that [[electron]]s are particles, and in 1937 by his son, [[George Paget Thomson]], for showing that they [[Wave–particle duality|also have the properties of waves]].<ref name="Gribbin91">[[#Gribbin69|Gribbin]], p. 91</ref> [[William Henry Bragg]] and his son, [[William Lawrence Bragg]], shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing [[X-ray crystallography]].<ref name="Hargittai2003">{{Cite book |last=Hargittai |first=István |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9rF6MTXtXYC&pg=PA149 |title=The Road to Stockholm:Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists: Nobel Prizes, Science, and Scientists |date=28 August 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860785-4 |page=149 |access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> [[Niels Bohr]] was awarded the Physics Prize in 1922, as was his son, [[Aage Bohr]], in 1975.<ref name="Feldman405" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2009 |title=Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize-winning physicist |work=[[The Times]] |publisher=Times Newspapers Limited |location=London |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6829396.ece |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-date=24 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524221649/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article6829396.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Professor Aage Bohr: Nobel prize winning physicist |language=en |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/denmark/copenhagen/professor-aage-bohr-nobel-prize-winning-physicist-8xdt693c2mg |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0140-0460 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411060157/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/professor-aage-bohr-nobel-prize-winning-physicist-8xdt693c2mg |url-status=live }}</ref> The Physics Prize was awarded to [[Manne Siegbahn]] in 1924, followed by his son, [[Kai Siegbahn]], in 1981.<ref name="Feldman405" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maugh |first=Thomas H. II |date=8 August 2007 |title=Kai Siegbahn, 89; Nobel-winning physicist invented electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-siegbahn8aug08,1,6152607.story |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919024107/http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-siegbahn8aug08,1,6152607.story |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]], who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of [[Ulf von Euler]], who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970.<ref name="Feldman405" /> [[C. V. Raman]] was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], who was awarded the same prize in 1983.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |date=22 August 1995 |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/95/950822.chandrasekhar.shtml |access-date=24 January 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117074737/http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/95/950822.chandrasekhar.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Feldman406">[[#Feldman|Feldman]], p. 406</ref> [[Arthur Kornberg]] received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son [[Roger D. Kornberg|Roger]] later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conger |first=Krista |date=4 October 2006 |title=Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry |url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/october11/kornberg-101106.html |access-date=24 January 2010 |website=Stanford Report |archive-date=5 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105094041/http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/october11/kornberg-101106.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Arthur Schawlow]] received the 1981 Physics prize, and was married to the sister of 1964 Physics laureate [[Charles Townes]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 1999 |title=Arthur Schawlow, 77, Nobelist for Lasers, Dies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/30/us/arthur-schawlow-77-nobelist-for-lasers-dies.html |access-date=16 December 2021 |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216185351/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/30/us/arthur-schawlow-77-nobelist-for-lasers-dies.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Two members of the [[Hodgkin family]] received Nobels in consecutive years: [[Alan Hodgkin|Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin]] shared in the Nobel for Physiology or Medicine in 1963, followed by [[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]], the wife of his first cousin, who won solo for Chemistry in 1964. [[Jan Tinbergen]], who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]], who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize.<ref name="Feldman405" /> [[Gunnar Myrdal]], who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974, was the husband of [[Alva Myrdal]], Peace Prize laureate in 1982.<ref name="Feldman405" /> Economics laureates [[Paul Samuelson]] (1970) and [[Kenneth Arrow]] (1972; shared) were brothers-in-law. [[Frits Zernike]], who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, was the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate [[Gerard 't Hooft]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerardus 't Hooft – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/thooft-bio.html |access-date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |archive-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703175556/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/thooft-bio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, married couple [[Abhijit Banerjee]] and [[Esther Duflo]] were awarded the Economics Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo Winning the Nobel Prize Together is #CoupleGoals |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/abhijit-banerjee-esther-duflo-winning-the-nobel-prize-together-is-real-couplegoal-2345283.html |access-date=9 March 2020 |website=News18 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219031712/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/abhijit-banerjee-esther-duflo-winning-the-nobel-prize-together-is-real-couplegoal-2345283.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, and her nephew [[Benjamin List]] received the Chemistry Prize in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemistry Nobel Prize for Benjamin List |url=https://www.mpg.de/17662517/nobel-prize-for-chemistry-2021-benjamin-list |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=www.mpg.de |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023111305/https://www.mpg.de/17662517/nobel-prize-for-chemistry-2021-benjamin-list |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sune Bergström]] was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982, and his son [[Svante Pääbo]] was awarded the same prize in 2022. [[Edwin McMillan]], who shared the Prize in Chemistry in 1951, was the uncle of [[John Clauser]], who was awarded the Prize in Physics in 2022.