Editing Muslim conquests of Afghanistan (section)

====Sabuktigin====

=====First war against Jayapala=====

The Ghaznavid campaigns from the time of Sabuktigin are recorded as ''[[jihad]]'' against the people of ''al-Hind'' to destroy idolatry and replace it by expanding Islam. The Kabul Shahis only retained [[Lamghan]] in the Kabul-Gandhara area by the time of Alp-Tegin. According to [[Firishta]], Sabuktigin had already begun raiding Multan and Lamghan under Alp-Tegin for slaves. This precipitated an alliance between the Shahi ruler [[Jayapala]], Bhatiya and Sheikh [[Hamid Khan Lodi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA126|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries|publisher=Brill|pages=126, 328|isbn=0391041738|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India|author=Yogendra Mishra|publisher=Vaishali Bhavan|year=1972|pages=100–101}}</ref> He crossed the [[Khyber Pass]] many times and raided the territory of Jaipala.<ref name=Sastri>{{cite book|title=History of India, Volume 2|author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|publisher=Viswanathan|page=10|author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri}}</ref>

Jayapala appointed Sheikh Hamid Khan Lodi as ruler over Multan and Lamghan, but Sabuktigin broke up this alliance after his accession through diplomatic means, convincing Lodi to acknowledge him as an overlord. Although Ferishta had identified Lodi and his family as [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]], historian Yogendra Mishra pointed out that this was an error, since they were descended from the Qurayshite Usama ibn Lawi ibn Ghalib.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India|author=Yogendra Mishra|publisher=Vaishali Bhavan|year=1972|pages=100–103}}</ref>

Sabuktigin plundered the forts in the outlying provinces of the Kabul Shahi and captured many cities, acquiring huge booty.<ref name=Strugglemajumdar/> He also established Islam at many places. Jaipal in retaliation marched with a large force into the valley of Lamghan ([[Jalalabad]]) where he clashed with Sabuktigin and his son. The battle stretched on several days until a snow storm affected Jaipala's strategies, forcing him to plead for peace.<ref name=Sastri/> Sabuktigin was inclined to grant peace to Jayapala but his son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] wanted total victory.<ref name=EralySabuk/>

Jaypala upon hearing Mahmud's plans warned Sabuktigin, "You have seen the impetuosity of the Hindus and their indifference to death... If therefore, you refuse to grant peace in the hope of obtaining plunder, tribute, elephants and prisoners, then there is no alternative for us but to mount the horse of stern determination, destroy our property, take out the eyes of our elephants, cast our children into fire, and rush out on each other with sword and spear, so that all that will be left to you to conquer and seize is stones and dirt, dead bodies, and scattered bones." Knowing Jaipala could carry out his threat, Sabuktigin granted him peace in return for his promise of paying tribute and ceding some of his territory.<ref name=EralySabuk>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|author=Abraham Eraly|publisher=Penguin UK|page=54|author-link=Abraham Eraly|isbn=9789351186588|date=April 2015}}</ref>

=====Second war against Jayapala=====

After making peace with Sabuktigin, Jayapala returned to Waihind but broke the treaty and mistreated the amirs sent to collect the tribute. Sabuktigin launched another invasion in retaliation. While the mamluks remained the core of his army, he also hired the ''[[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]]'', especially the [[Ghilji]] tribe, in his dominion.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500BCE to 1740CE|author=Kaushik Roy|publisher=Routledge|page=87|isbn=9781317586920|date=2015-06-03}}</ref> According to al-Utbi, Sabuktigin attacked Lamghan, conquering it and burning the residences of the "infidels", while also demolishing its idol-temples and establishing Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Essays on Islam and Indian History|author=Richard Maxwell Eaton|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=98}}</ref> He proceeded to slaughter the non-Muslims, destroyed their temples and plundered their shrines. It is said that his forces even risked frostbite on their hands while counting the large booty.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT212|title=India: A History. Revised and Updated|author=John Keay|publisher=Grove/Atlantic Inc.|page=212|isbn=9780802195500|date=2011-04-12}}</ref>

To avenge the savage attack of Sabuktigin, Jayapala, who had earlier taken his envoys as hostage, decided to go to war again in revenge. According to al-Utbi, he assembled an army of 100,000 against Sabuktigin. The much later account of Ferishta states that it included troops from [[Kanauj]], [[Ajmer]], [[Delhi]] and [[Kalinjar]]. The two sides fought on an open battlefield in Laghman. Sabuktigin divided his army into packs of 500 who attacked the Indians in succession. After sensing that they were weakened, his forces mounted a concerted attack. The forces of Kabul Shahi were routed and those still alive were killed in the forest or drowned in the river.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT212|title=India: A History. Revised and Updated|author=John Keay|publisher=Grove/Atlantic Inc.|pages=212–213|isbn=9780802195500|date=2011-04-12}}</ref>

The second battle that took place between Sabuktigin and Jayapala in 988 AD, resulted in the former capturing territory between Lamghan and [[Peshawar]]. Al-Utbi also states that the Afghans and [[Ghaljis|Khaljis]], living there as nomads, took the oath of allegiance to him and were recruited into his army.<ref name=Raza>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|title=The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids|author=Syed Jabir Raza|publisher=Indian History Congress|page=786|author-link=Jabir Raza}}</ref> He helped [[Nuh II]] in expelling the rebel and heretic [[Simjurids|Abu Ali Simjur]] from Khorasan, resulting in its governorship being given to Sabuktigin who appointed Mahmud as his deputy there. He also appointed [[Ismail of Ghazni|Ismail]] as the successor to his kingdom and died in 997. A succession war erupted between Ismail and Mahmud, with the latter gaining the throne in 998.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXAABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187|title=A History of Afghanistan: Volumes 1 and 2|author=Percy Sykes|publisher=Routledge|page=187|author-link=Percy Sykes|isbn=9781317845874|date=2014-07-10}}</ref>