Editing Monopoly (section)

=== Examples of abuses ===
* [[Artificial scarcity|Limiting supply]]
* [[Predatory pricing]] or undercutting
* [[Price discrimination]]
* [[Refusal to deal]] and [[exclusive dealing]]
* [[Tying (commerce)]] and [[product bundling]]

Despite wide agreement that the above constitute abusive practices, there is some debate about whether there needs to be a causal connection between the dominant position of a company and its actual abusive conduct. Furthermore, there has been some consideration of what happens when a company merely attempts to abuse its dominant position.

To provide a more specific example, economic and philosophical scholar Adam Smith cites that trade to the East India Company has, for the most part, been subjected to an exclusive company such as that of the English or Dutch. Monopolies such as these are generally established against the nation in which they arose out of. The profound economist goes on to state how there are two types of monopolies. The first type of monopoly is one which tends to always attract to the particular trade where the monopoly was conceived, a greater proportion of the stock of the society than what would go to that trade originally. The second type of monopoly tends to occasionally attract stock towards the particular trade where it was conceived, and sometimes repel it from that trade depending on varying circumstances. Rich countries tended to repel while poorer countries were attracted to this. For example, The Dutch company would dispose of any excess goods not taken to the market in order to preserve their monopoly while the English sold more goods for better prices. Both of these tendencies were extremely destructive as can be seen in Adam Smith's writings.<ref>{{Citation|last=Smith|first=Adam|title="Of the Advantages Which Europe Has Derived from the Discovery of America, and from That of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope" from An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).|date=2014-06-03|work=Adam Smith|pages=58–63|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203092736-14|isbn=978-0-203-09273-6}}</ref>