Editing Mindanao (section)

==Demographics==
In 2017, Mindanao had a population of over 25 million. This represented 22 percent of the entire population of the country.<ref name="honshu2">{{Cite book |last=Boquet |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 |title=The Philippine Archipelago |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn= 978-3-319-51926-5 |location=Cham, Switzerland |page=16}}</ref>

===Ethnicity and culture===
{{Main|Culture of the Philippines|Music of the Philippines|Kulintang}}
[[File:Indak Boy Kadayawan Festival 1.jpg|thumb|''I-indak sa kadalanan'' or the street dancing competition, part of [[Kadayawan Festival]] celebration in [[Davao City]]]]
[[File:Chinatown Davao City.jpg|thumb|Davao City's [[Chinatown]]]]
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Region
! rowspan="2" |Province
! colspan="2" |Major ethnic groups
|-
! '''Indigenous'''
! '''Non-indigenous'''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Zamboanga Peninsula]]'''||{{flag|Zamboanga del Sur}}||[[Iranun people|Iranun]], [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaon]], [[Maranao people|Maranao]], [[Sama-Bajau people|Sama-Bajaw]], [[Subanon people|Subanen]], [[Tausug people|Tausug]], [[Yakan people|Yakan]]
| [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]], [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]],  [[Zamboangueño people|Chavacano]], [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]], [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]], [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]], [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
|-
|{{flag|Zamboanga Sibugay}}|| Maguindanaon, Subanen, Tausug
| Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano
|-
|{{flag|Zamboanga del Norte}}||Maguindanaon, Sama-Bajaw, Subanen, Tausug
| Chavacano, Cebuano
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''[[Northern Mindanao]]'''||{{flag|Misamis Occidental}}|| Subanen
| Cebuano
|-
|{{flag|Lanao del Norte}}||[[Lumad#Higaonon|Higaonon]], Maranao, Subanen
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Misamis Oriental}}|| Higaonon, Maranao
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Chinese, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, [[Indian Filipino|Indian]], Kapampangan, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Camiguin}}||[[Lumad#Kamigin|Kamigin Manobo]]
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Tagalog, [[Waray language|Waray]]
|-
|{{flag|Bukidnon}}||[[Higaonon]], Iranun, Maguindanaon, Maranao, [[Matigsalug]], [[Lumad#Talaandig|Talaandig]]
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]], Tagalog, Waray
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''[[Davao Region]]'''||{{flag|Davao del Sur}}||[[Lumad#Manobo|Ata Manobo]], [[Lumad#Bagobo|Bagobo Klata]], [[Lumad#Bagobo|Bagobo Tagabawa]], Iranun, [[Kalagan people|Kagan]], Maguindanaon, Maranao, Matigsalug, [[Lumad#Bagobo|Obu Manuvu]], [[Sama-Bajau people|Sama-Bajaw]], [[Tausug people|Tausug]]
| Cebuano, Chinese, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Indian, Kapampangan, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Davao del Norte}}||[[Manobo people|Ata]], [[Lumad#Manobo|Dibabawon]], Kagan, Maguindanaon, [[Lumad#Mandaya|Mandaya]], [[Lumad#Manobo|Mangguangan]], [[Lumad#Mansaka|Mansaka]], [[Sama-Bajau people|Sama-Bajaw]] 
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Davao de Oro}}|| Ata Manobo, Dibabawon, Kagan, Mandaya, Mangguangan, Mansaka
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Davao Oriental}}||[[Lumad#Manobo|Manobo]], Kagan, Mandaya, Mansaka
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Davao Occidental}}||[[Blaan people|Blaan]], [[Lumad#Tagakaulo|Tagakaulo]], Manobo, [[Sangirese people|Sangil]]
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Soccsksargen]]'''||{{flag|Cotabato}}||[[Lumad#Bagobo|Bagobo Tagabawa]], Iranun, Maguindanaon, Manobo, [[Lumad#Tagakaulo|Tagakaulo]]
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, [[Karay-a people|Karay-a]], Tagalog, Waray
|-
|{{flag|Sarangani}}|| Blaan, Maguindanaon, Tagakaulo, [[Tboli people|Tboli]]
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]], Tagalog, Waray
|-
|{{flag|South Cotabato}}|| Blaan, Maguindanaon, Tboli
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Karay-a, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Waray
|-
|{{flag|Sultan Kudarat}}|| Blaan, Maguindanaon, Manobo, [[Teduray people|Teduray]]
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Karay-a, Kapampangan, Tagalog
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''[[BARMM]]'''||{{flag|Maguindanao del Norte}}|| Iranun, Maguindanaon, Teduray
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Maguindanao del Sur}}||[[Lumad#Manobo|Ilianen Manobo]], Maguindanaon, Teduray
| Hiligaynon, Ilocano, [[Karay-a people|Karay-a]], Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Lanao del Sur}}|| Iranun, Maranao
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Basilan}}||[[Sama-Bajau people|Sama-Bajaw]], [[Tausug people|Tausug]], [[Yakan people|Yakan]]
| Chavacano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano
|-
|{{flag|Sulu}}|| Sama-Bajaw, Tausug
| Cebuano
|-
|{{flag|Tawi-tawi}}|| Sama-Bajaw, Tausug
| Cebuano
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''[[Caraga]]'''||{{flag|Agusan del Norte}}||[[Lumad#Manobo|Agusan Manobo]], Higaonon, [[Lumad#Mamanwa|Mamanwa]]
| [[Butuanon people|Butuanon]], Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, [[Surigaonon people|Surigaonon]], Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Agusan del Sur}}||Bagobo, Agusan Manobo, Higaonon, Mamanwa
| Bicolano, Butuanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Surigaonon, Tagalog
|-
|{{flag|Surigao del Norte}}|| Mandaya, Agusan Manobo, Mamanwa, [[Lumad#Mansaka|Mansaka]]
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Waray
|-
|{{flag|Surigao del Sur}}|| Mandaya, Agusan Manobo
| Bicolano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Waray
|-
|{{flag|Dinagat Islands}}||
| Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Waray
|-
|}
An American census conducted in the early 1900s noted that the island was inhabited by people "greatly divided in origin, temperament and religion".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://en.Wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student's_Reference_Work/Mindanao |title=The New Student's Reference Work |chapter=Mindanao |date= 1914 |publisher=F. E. Compton and Company |location=Chicago |via=Wikisource}}</ref> Evidence of the island's cultural diversity can be seen in the buildings and ruins of old Spanish settlements in the northwestern peninsula that span eastwards to the southern gulf coast, the site of the ancient [[Rajahnate of Butuan]] in the northeast region ([[Caraga]]), the sultanates in the southwest ([[Sultanate of Sulu]], Sultanate of Lanao, [[Sultanate of Maguindanao]]), a number of Buddhist and Taoist temples, and the numerous indigenous tribes.

Today around 25.8 percent of the household population in Mindanao classified themselves as Cebuanos. Other ethnic groups included Bisaya/Binisaya (18.4%), Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (8.2%), Maguindanaon (5.5%), and Maranao (5.4%). The remaining 36.6 percent belonged to other ethnic groups, including individuals from Luzon and the Lumad people (indigenous peoples of Mindanao). Cebuano registered the highest proportion of ethnic group in Northern Mindanao and Davao Region with 35.59 percent and 37.76 percent, respectively. In Soccsksargen, it was Hiligaynon/Ilonggo (31.58%), Binisaya/Bisaya (33.10%) in Zamboanga Peninsula, Maranao (26.40%) in BARMM, and Surigaonon (25.67%) in Caraga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2005 |title=Mindanao Comprised About 24 Percent of the Philippines' Total Population |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/mindanao-comprised-about-24-percent-philippines-total-population |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510115319/https://psa.gov.ph/content/mindanao-comprised-about-24-percent-philippines-total-population |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2017 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref>

Like elsewhere, assimilation from one ethnic group into another is not uncommon in Mindanao. Over the last decades, many Christian migrants from Luzon and Lumad tribes on the island integrated and assimilated into the majority Cebuano-speaking society in Mindanao (Hiligaynon-speaking in the case of Soccsksargen). They identified themselves as Visayans as a result of learning to speak Cebuano or Hiligaynon fluently from their Cebuano or Hiligaynon neighbors. Despite this, many of them still know and retain their non-Visayan roots and some speak their ancestors' language fluently as their second or third language since Mindanao is a melting pot of cultures as a result of southward migration from Luzon and Visayas since the 20th century. Descendants of these migrant Luzon ethnic groups and Lumads, especially newer generations (as Mindanao-born natives), now speak Cebuano or Hiligaynon fluently as their main language with little or no knowledge of their ancestors' native tongues at the time of their southward journey to Mindanao and Lumads developed contact with Cebuano and Hiligaynon speakers. Because the island's inhabitants converted to Christianity and assimilated into the Christian communities, it cannot be always determined whether or not the residents were of indigenous Mindanaoan heritage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galay-David |first=Karlo Antonio |title=We Who Seek to Settle Problematizing the Mindanao Settler Identity |url=https://www.academia.edu/35306614| journal= Davao Today| date=September–December 2017| via= academia.edu}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}

Dozens of languages are spoken in Mindanao; among them, [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], [[Tausug language|Tausug]], and [[Chavacano]] are most widely spoken. Of the seven aforementioned regional languages, Cebuano (often referred to as ''Bisaya'') has the largest number of speakers, being spoken throughout Northern Mindanao (except the southern parts of [[Lanao del Norte]]), the Davao region, the western half of the Caraga region (as well as the city of [[Bislig]] and the municipalities surrounding it in [[Surigao del Sur]]), the entirety of the Zamboanga Peninsula (with the exception of Zamboanga City), and southern Soccsksargen.

Hiligaynon is the main language of Soccsksargen, where majority of the inhabitants are of ethnic Hiligaynon stock. [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]], [[Manobo language|Manobo]], [[Tboli language|Tboli]] and [[Blaan language|Blaan]] are the indigenous languages spoken in Soccsksargen. [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], a native language of the Luzon [[Ilocano people|ethnic group of the same name]], is also spoken in some areas in Soccsksargen, where they also share residency with Hiligaynons. Surigaonon is spoken in the eastern half of the Caraga region, mainly by the eponymous Surigaonons. Tausug is widely spoken specifically in the Sulu Archipelago, which comprises the provinces of [[Basilan]], [[Sulu]], and [[Tawi-Tawi]], with a sizeable community of speakers residing in Zamboanga City.

Maranao and Maguindanaon are the dominant languages of the eastern territories of the Bangsamoro, respectively, with the former being spoken in [[Lanao del Sur]] as well as the southern areas of Lanao del Norte, and the latter in the eponymous provinces of [[Maguindanao del Norte]] and [[Maguindanao del Sur]] and also in adjacent areas which are part of Soccsksargen. Chavacano is the native language of Zamboanga City and is also the lingua franca of Basilan; it is also spoken in the southernmost fringes of [[Zamboanga Sibugay]]. It is also spoken, albeit as a minority language, in [[Cotabato City]] and Davao City, where dialects of it, respectively, exist, namely Cotabateño and Castellano Abakay, both of which evolved from the variant of the language spoken in Zamboanga City.

[[Philippine English|English]] and [[Filipino language|Filipino]] are also widely understood and spoken, with the former being highly utilized in business and academia, and the latter being used to communicate with visitors from Luzon and other parts of Visayas. Filipino is also the main lingua franca of Cotabato City and in BARMM as a whole.

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Mindanao (2020)<ref name="PSA-PIF2020">{{cite journal |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) | date=February 22, 2023 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |access-date=March 25, 2023 | website= psa.gov.ph |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |location=Quezon City, Philippines }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholicism]]
|value1 = 48.00
|color1 = DarkBlue
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 23.39
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Pentecostal]]
|value3 = 5.34
|color3 = #82eefd
|label4 = [[Iglesia ni Cristo]]
|value4 = 5.4
|color4 = DodgerBlue
|label5 = [[Aglipayan]]
|value5 = 2.16
|color5 = SkyBlue
|label6 = Other/Unknown Christians
|value6 = 11.31
|color6 = Blue
|label7 = Other/None
|value7 = 4.6
|color7 = Deeppink
}}
[[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] is the dominant religious affiliation in Mindanao with 72% of the household population, the majority of which are adherents of [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholicism]]; [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] comprised 23.39%,<ref name="PSA">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2017 |title=Muslim Population in Mindanao (Based on POPCEN 2015) |url=http://rssoarmm.psa.gov.ph/release/54739/factsheet/muslim-population-in-mindanao-%28based-on-popcen-2015%29 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190504160119/http://rssoarmm.psa.gov.ph/release/54739/factsheet/muslim-population-in-mindanao-(based-on-popcen-2015) |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |access-date=August 31, 2018 |website= psa.gov.ph | publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref> and other religions were Pentecostal (5.34%), [[Aglipayan]] (2.16%), and [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] (5.2%).<ref name=":1" />