Editing Measles (section)

==History==
[[File:Measles Aztec drawing.jpg|left|thumb|16th-century [[Aztec]] drawing of someone with measles]]
Measles is of [[zoonotic]] origin, having evolved from [[rinderpest]], which infected cattle.<ref name="Furuse2010"/> A precursor of the measles began causing infections in humans as early as the 4th century BC<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Düx|first1=Ariane|last2=Lequime|first2=Sebastian|last3=Patrono|first3=Livia Victoria|last4=Vrancken|first4=Bram|last5=Boral|first5=Sengül|last6=Gogarten|first6=Jan F.|last7=Hilbig|first7=Antonia|last8=Horst|first8=David|last9=Merkel|first9=Kevin|last10=Prepoint|first10=Baptiste|last11=Santibanez|first11=Sabine|date=30 December 2019|title=The history of measles: from a 1912 genome to an antique origin|journal=bioRxiv|pages=2019.12.29.889667|doi=10.1101/2019.12.29.889667| doi-access = free | title-link = doi |last15=Widulin|first20=Philippe|last12=Schlotterbeck|first12=Jasmin|first13=Marc A.|last14=Ulrich|first14=Markus|first21=Sébastien|last21=Calvignac-Spencer|last20=Lemey|first15=Navena|first19=Thomas|last19=Schnalke|first18=Kyle|last18=Harper|first17=Fabian H.|last17=Leendertz|first16=Annette|last16=Mankertz|last13=Suchard}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kupferschmidt|first=Kai|date=30 December 2019|title=Measles may have emerged when large cities rose, 1500 years earlier than thought|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.aba7352|s2cid=214470603}}</ref> or as late as after 500 AD.<ref name="Furuse2010"/> The [[Antonine Plague]] of 165–180 AD has been speculated to have been measles, but the actual cause of this plague is unknown and smallpox is a more likely cause.<ref>H. Haeser's conclusion, in ''Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin und der epidemischen Krankenheiten'' III:24–33 (1882), followed by Zinsser in 1935.</ref> The first systematic description of measles as distinct from smallpox and [[chickenpox]] is credited to the [[Medicine in medieval Islam|Persian]] physician [[Rhazes|Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi]] (860–932), who published ''The Book of Smallpox and Measles''. He described it as "more to be dreaded than smallpox".<ref name="Pink Book" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cohen SG | title = Measles and immunomodulation | journal = The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology | volume = 121 | issue = 2 | pages = 543–4 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18269930 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.1152 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1259085 | access-date = 6 September 2019 | archive-date = 4 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204201500/https://zenodo.org/record/1259085 | url-status = live | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> It is believed that, at the time of Razi's book, outbreaks were still limited and the virus was not fully adapted to humans. Sometime between 1100 and 1200 AD, the measles virus fully diverged from rinderpest, becoming a distinct virus that infects humans.<ref name = Furuse2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Furuse Y, Suzuki A, Oshitani H | title = Origin of measles virus: divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries | journal = Virology Journal | volume = 7 | pages = 52 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20202190 | pmc = 2838858 | doi = 10.1186/1743-422X-7-52 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> This agrees with the observation that measles requires a susceptible population of over 500,000 to sustain an epidemic, a situation that occurred in historic times following the growth of medieval European cities.<ref name = Black1966/>

[[File:Hilleman-Walter-Reed.jpeg|thumb|upright=1|[[Maurice Hilleman]]'s measles vaccine is estimated to prevent one million deaths per year.<ref>{{cite news | last=Sullivan | first=Patricia | title=Maurice R. Hilleman Dies; Created Vaccines |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=13 April 2005 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48244-2005Apr12.html | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020102622/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48244-2005Apr12.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Measles is an [[endemic disease]], meaning it has been continually present in a community and many people develop resistance. In populations not exposed to measles, exposure to the new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in [[Cuba]] killed two-thirds of those indigenous people who had previously survived smallpox. Two years later, measles was responsible for the deaths of half the population of [[Honduras]], and it has ravaged [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], and the [[Inca]] civilization.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Joseph Patrick | last = Byrne | title = Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA413 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2008 | pages = 413 | isbn = 978-0-313-34102-1 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131113180934/http://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA413&dq | archive-date = 13 November 2013 }}
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The 1846 measles outbreak in the [[Faroe Islands]] was unusual for being well studied.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine|last=Harper|first=Kyle|date=11 March 2020|title=What Makes Viruses Like COVID-19 Such a Risk for Human Beings? The Answer Goes Back Thousands of Years|url=https://time.com/5800558/coronavirus-human-civilization/|access-date=18 November 2020|magazine=Time|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307093708/https://time.com/5800558/coronavirus-human-civilization/|url-status=live}}</ref> Measles had not been seen on the islands for 60 years, so almost no residents had any acquired immunity.<ref name=":2"/> Three-quarters of the residents got sick, and more than 100 (1–2%) died from it before the epidemic burned itself out.<ref name=":2"/> [[Peter Ludvig Panum]] observed the outbreak and determined that measles was spread through direct contact of contagious people with people who had never had measles.<ref name=":2"/> He elucidated the immunity conferred by illness as well as its incubation period by studying this outbreak.<ref name="Pink Book" />

Measles killed 20 percent of [[Hawaii]]'s population in the 1850s.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090101183418/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=422 Migration and Disease]. ''Digital History.''</ref> In 1875, measles killed over 40,000 [[Fiji]]ans, approximately one-third of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.fsm.ac.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=148 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410002823/http://www.fsm.ac.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=114&Itemid=148 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |website=Fiji National University}}</ref> In the 19th century, the disease killed more than half of the [[Great Andamanese]] population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4987406.stm |title=Measles hits rare Andaman tribe |first= Subir |last=Bhaumik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823054811/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4987406.stm |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=live |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date=16 May 2006}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2020}}

In 1914, a statistician for the [[Prudential Insurance Company]] estimated from a survey of 22 countries that 1% of all deaths in the temperate zone were caused by measles. He observed also that 1–6% of cases of measles ended fatally, the difference depending on age (0–3 being the worst), social conditions (e.g. overcrowded tenements) and pre-existing health conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Crum |first=Frederick S |title=A Statistical Study of Measles |journal=American Journal of Public Health |date=April 1914 |volume=IV |issue=4 |pages=289–309 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.4.4.289-a |pmid=18009016 |pmc=1286334 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref>

===Vaccination===
{{Main|Measles vaccine}}
Prior to the introduction of vaccines, more than 2 million deaths and 30 million cases were estimated to occur annually around the world.<ref name="Rot2016" /> In 1954, [[John Enders]] and [[Thomas C. Peebles]] isolated the measles virus from a 13-year-old boy from the United States, David Edmonston. Enders was one of the researchers experienced with propagating [[poliovirus]], paving the way for the [[Polio vaccine|Salk vaccine]], and used similar techniques to grow the Edmonston strain in human kidney tissue, then amniotic membrane [[tissue culture]], and finally [[Chicken as biological research model|chick embryo culture]]. This created a virus capable of replicating and generating immunity, but not of causing disease, a process called [[Attenuated vaccine|attenuation]].<ref name="Pink Book" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Jeffrey P. |date=1 September 2011 |title=The First Measles Vaccine |url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/128/3/435/30684/The-First-Measles-Vaccine?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Pediatrics |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=435–437 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-1430 |pmid=21873696 |issn=0031-4005 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818112556/https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/128/3/435/30684/The-First-Measles-Vaccine?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> While at [[Merck & Co.|Merck]], [[Maurice Hilleman]] used the Edmonston B strain to develop the first successful measles vaccine, which became widely available in the United States in 1963.<ref name="Pink Book" /><ref>{{cite journal | title = Measles prevention | journal = MMWR Supplements | volume = 38 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–18 | date = December 1989 | pmid = 2513473 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041753.htm | archive-date = 15 May 2012 | access-date = 10 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120515055632/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00041753.htm | url-status = live | author1 = Centers for Disease Control (CDC) }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Offit PA |title=Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Smithsonian |isbn=978-0-06-122796-7 |year=2007 }}</ref> An improved measles vaccine became available in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |title=Measles: Questions and Answers |publisher=Immunization Action Coalition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124052237/http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4209.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The measles vaccine was combined with the [[mumps vaccine]] and [[rubella vaccine]], which are similar [[Attenuated vaccine|live vaccines]] given at the same ages, to create the [[MMR vaccine]]. It was licensed for use in the United States in 1971. The MMR vaccine was combined with the [[varicella vaccine]] to create the [[MMRV vaccine]], which was licensed in 2005.<ref name="Pink Book" />