Editing Maoism (section)

== International influence ==
[[File:UCPN (Maoist) 7th General Convention Nepal.jpg|thumb|The [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]] in February 2013]]
From 1962 onwards, the challenge to the Soviet hegemony in the world communist movement made by the CCP resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world. At an early stage, the Albanian Party of Labour sided with the CCP.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 1979 |title=The Party of Labour of Albania – A New Centre of Revisionism |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/enver.htm |url-status=live |journal=Revolution |volume=4 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035549/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/uk.hightide/enver.htm |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2019-10-09 |via=Marxists Internet Archive |editor-first1=Sam |editor-last1=Richards |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last2=Saba}}</ref> So did many of the mainstream (non-splinter group) Communist parties in South-East Asia, like the [[Communist Party of Burma]], the [[Communist Party of Thailand]], and the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]]. Some Asian parties, like the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] and the [[Workers' Party of Korea]], attempted to take a middle-ground position.

Cambodia's [[Khmer Rouge]] could have been considered a replica of the Maoist regime under the leadership of [[Communist Party of Kampuchea|Angkar]], however Maoists and Marxists generally contend that the CPK strongly deviated from Marxist doctrine and the few references to Maoist China in CPK propaganda were critical of the Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web |last=F.G. |title=What Went Wrong with the Pol Pot Regime |url=http://www.aworldtowin.org/back_issues/1999-25/PolPot_eng25.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810043740/http://www.aworldtowin.org/back_issues/1999-25/PolPot_eng25.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=10 November 2011 |website=A World to Win}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2025}}

Various efforts have sought to regroup the international communist movement under Maoism since Mao's death in 1976. Many parties and organisations were formed in the West and Third World that upheld links to the CCP. Often, they took names such as Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) or Revolutionary Communist Party to distinguish themselves from the traditional pro-Soviet communist parties. The pro-CCP movements were, in many cases, based on the wave of student radicalism that engulfed the world in the 1960s and 1970s.

Only one Western classic communist party sided with the CCP, the [[Communist Party of New Zealand]]. Under the leadership of the CCP and Mao Zedong, a parallel international communist movement emerged to rival that of the [[Soviets]], although it was never as formalised and homogeneous as the pro-Soviet tendency.

[[File:Prachanda.jpg|thumb|Maoist leader [[Prachanda]] speaking at a rally in [[Pokhara]], Nepal]]
After the death of Mao in 1976 and the resulting power struggles in China that followed, the international Maoist movement was divided into three camps. One group, composed of various ideologically nonaligned groups, gave weak support to the new Chinese leadership under Deng Xiaoping. Another camp denounced the new leadership as traitors to the cause of Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought. The third camp sided with the Albanians in denouncing the [[Three Worlds Theory]] of the CCP (see the [[Sino-Albanian split]]).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The pro-Albanian camp would start to function as an international group as well<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Latham |first=Judith |date=19 August 2010 |title=Roma of the former Yugoslavia |journal=Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity |volume=27, 1999 |issue=2 |pages=205–226 |doi=10.1080/009059999109037 |s2cid=154891173}}</ref> (led by Enver Hoxha and the [[Albanian Party of Labour|APL]]) and was also able to amalgamate many of the communist groups in [[Latin America]], including the [[Communist Party of Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hobday |first=Charles |title=Communist and Marxist Parties of the World |publisher=Longman |year=1986 |isbn=0-582-90264-9 |location=Harlow |pages=410–411}}</ref> Later, Latin American Communists, such as Peru's [[Shining Path]], also embraced the tenets of Maoism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hobday |first=Charles |title=Communist and Marxist Parties of the World |publisher=Longman |year=1986 |isbn=0-582-90264-9 |location=Harlow |page=377}}</ref>

The new Chinese leadership showed little interest in the foreign groups supporting Mao's China. Many of the foreign parties that were [[fraternal party|fraternal parties]] aligned with the Chinese government before 1975 either disbanded, abandoned the new Chinese government entirely, or even renounced Marxism–Leninism and developed into non-communist, [[social democratic]] parties. What is today called the international Maoist movement evolved out of the second camp—the parties that opposed Deng and said they upheld the true legacy of Mao.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

=== Afghanistan ===
The [[Progressive Youth Organization]] was a Maoist organisation in Afghanistan. It was founded in 1965 with [[Akram Yari]] as its first leader, advocating the overthrow of the then-current order through people's war.

The [[Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan]] was founded in 2004 through the merger of five MLM parties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-08-25 |title=Afghanistan Maoists Unite in a Single Party |url=http://www.awtw.org/current_issues/afrgan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825084529/http://www.awtw.org/current_issues/afrgan.htm |archive-date=2006-08-25 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=A World to Win}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
The [[Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist)]] is a Maoist organisation in Australia. It was founded in 1964 as a pro-Mao split from the [[Australian Communist Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Australian Marxist-Leninists |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/australia/declaration.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035446/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/australia/declaration.htm |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=Marxists Internet Archive}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
The [[Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party]] is a Maoist party in Bangladesh. It was founded in 1968 with [[Siraj Sikder]] as its first leader. The party played a role in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].

=== Belgium ===
The Sino-Soviet split had a significant influence on communism in Belgium. The pro-Soviet [[Communist Party of Belgium]] experienced a split of a Maoist wing under [[Jacques Grippa]]. The latter was a lower-ranking CPB member before the split, but Grippa rose in prominence as he formed a worthy internal Maoist opponent to the CPB leadership. His followers were sometimes referred to as Grippisten or Grippistes. When it became clear that the differences between the pro-Moscow leadership and the pro-Beijing wing were too significant, Grippa and his entourage decided to split from the CPB and formed the [[Communist Party of Belgium – Marxist–Leninist]] (PCBML). The PCBML had some influence, mainly in the heavily industrialised [[Borinage]] region of [[Wallonia]], but never managed to gather more support than the CPB. The latter held most of its leadership and base within the pro-Soviet camp. However, the PCBML was the first European Maoist party and was recognised at its foundation as the largest and most important Maoist organisation in Europe outside of [[Albania]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alexander |first=Robert Jackson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjM-4ZG9iuMC&q=pcbml+european+maoist+party&pg=PA59 |title=Maoism in the Developed World |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-275-96148-0 |pages=59 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035439/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjM-4ZG9iuMC&q=pcbml+european+maoist+party&pg=PA59 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 November 1967 |title=End of the Road for Grippa? |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/world-outlook/v05n37-nov-17-1967-wo.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035428/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/world-outlook/v05n37-nov-17-1967-wo.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=10 October 2019 |work=World Outlook |page=930}}</ref>

Although the PCBML never really gained a foothold in [[Flanders]], there was a reasonably successful Maoist movement in this region. Out of the student unions that formed in the wake of the May 1968 protests, Alle Macht Aan De Arbeiders (AMADA), or All Power To The Workers, was formed as a vanguard party under construction. This Maoist group originated primarily from students from the universities of [[Leuven]] and [[Ghent]] but did manage to gain some influence among the striking miners during the shutdowns of the Belgian stone coal mines in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This group became the [[Workers' Party of Belgium]] (PVDA-PTB) in 1979 and still exists today, although its power base has shifted somewhat from Flanders towards Wallonia. The WPB stayed loyal to the teachings of Mao for a long time, but after a general congress held in 2008, the party formally broke with its Maoist/Stalinist past.<ref>D. Van Herrewegen, [http://www.ethesis.net/radicaal-links/radicaal-links.htm "De verdeeldheid van radicaal-links in Vlaanderen: De strategische -en praktische breuklijnen tussen AMADA, de KPB en de RAL tussen 1969-1972"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035427/http://www.ethesis.net/radicaal-links/radicaal-links.htm |date=2021-01-24 }}, unpublished masterpaper, Department of History, pp. 25–29.</ref>

=== Ecuador ===
The [[Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun]], also known as ''Puka Inti'', is a small Maoist guerrilla organisation in [[Ecuador]].

=== France ===
{{See also|Communism in France}}
In 1964, a Maoist circle formed at [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale]] among students who studied with [[Louis Althusser]].<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|pages=226–227}} The group initially sought to develop leadership over the [[French Communist Party]]'s (PCF) student organization, but in December 1966 their own organization, the Union of Marxist-Leninist Communist Youth.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=227}}

In 1966, PCF members dissatisfied with the party's direction formed their own movement and in 1967 they founded the Maoist-oriented French Marxist–Leninist Communist Party.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=226}}

French Maoism grew after the Sino-Soviet split and particularly from 1966 to 1976.<ref name=":23222">{{Cite book |last=Bourg |first=Julian |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Principally Contradiction: The Flourishing of French Maoism}}</ref>{{Rp|page=225}} After [[May 68]], the cultural influence of French Maoists increased.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK}}</ref>{{Rp|page=122}} Maoists became the first group of French intellectuals to emphasize [[LGBT history in France|gay and lesbian rights]] in their publications and contributed to the nascent [[Feminism in France|feminist movement in France]].<ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=122}}

The École Normale Maoists merged with leaders of May 68 to form Proletarian Left.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=227}} For six years, it was the most visible Maoist organization in France.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=227}} Proletarian Left worked in cities, working class suburbs, rural areas, and immigrant communities.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=227}} Its areas of focus included abortion rights, international leftism, and organizing in universities and among factory workers.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=227}} Proletarian Left included developed supporters among intellectuals, such as [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (who nominally filled the position of editor at a Proletarian Left newspaper after its editor was arrested) and [[Michel Foucault]] (who was influential in Proletarian Left's Prison Information Group, which investigated the conditions of prisoners, including political prisoners).<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|pages=227–228}} Proletarian Left was radically anti-hierarchical, and ultimately failed to maintain its organization, dissolving in 1974.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=228}}

[[Alain Badiou]] is one of the central intellectual figures in the analysis of French Maoism and its legacies.<ref name=":23222" />{{Rp|page=241}}

=== India ===
Mao's ideology developed adherents among Indian communists during the 1946-1951 [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana uprising]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Tebhaga movement|Tebhaga Movement]] in [[Bengal]] (1946–1950).<ref name=":23232">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Sreemanti |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Empty Symbol: The Little Red Book in India}}</ref>{{Rp|page=118}}

[[Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung|''Quotations'' ''from Chairman Mao Zedong'']] gained popularity following the 1967 [[Naxalbari uprising]] and the beginning of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite Movement]].<ref name=":23232" />{{Rp|page=117}} The leader of the first phase of the Naxalite Movement, [[Charu Majumdar]], placed major emphasis on the text, requiring it to be studied and to be read aloud to illiterate peasants.<ref name=":23232" />{{Rp|page=117}} During this phase of the Naxalite Movement, ''Quotations'' was popular among both movement participants and those who sympathized with it.<ref name=":23232" />{{Rp|page=118}} Contending that China's approach to revolution provided the path for revolution in India, Majumdar and others split from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] to form the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]].<ref name=":23232" />{{Rp|page=120}}

The [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] is the leading Maoist organisation in India. The CPI (Maoist) is designated as a terrorist organization in India under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2016 |title=Maoists fourth deadliest terror outfit after Taliban, IS, Boko Haram: Report |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maoists-fourth-deadliest-terror-outfit-after-taliban-is-boko-haram-report/articleshow/54354196.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035457/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maoists-fourth-deadliest-terror-outfit-after-taliban-is-boko-haram-report/articleshow/54354196.cms |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2019-07-17 |work=[[The Times of India]]|author-last1=Chauhan|author-first1=Neeraj}}</ref> Since 1967, there has been an ongoing [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency|conflict in India]] between the [[Indian government]] and Maoist insurgents.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news |date=12 April 2006 |title=India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523074605/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247 |archive-date=23 May 2010 |access-date=13 July 2009 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> As of 2018, there have been a total of 13,834 deaths across insurgents, security forces, and civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatalities in Left-wing Extremism |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/data_sheets/fatalitiesnaxalmha.htm |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=www.satp.org |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
{{main|1982 Amol uprising}}
The [[Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran)]] was an Iranian Maoist organisation. The UIC (S) was formed in 1976 after the alliance of Maoist groups carrying out military actions within Iran. In 1982, the UIC (S) mobilised forces in forests around [[Amol]] and launched an insurgency against the Islamist Government. The uprising was eventually a failure, and many UIC (S) leaders were shot. The party dissolved in 1982.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gorriti Ellenbogen |first=Gustavo |url=http://archive.org/details/shiningpath00gust |title=The Shining Path: a history of the millenarian war in Peru |date=1999 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-807-82373-6 |location=Chapel Hill, NC |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Following the dissolution of the Union of Iranian Communists, the [[Communist Party of Iran (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)]] was formed in 2001. The party is a continuation of the Sarbedaran Movement and the Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran). CPI (MLM) believes Iran is a 'semifeudal-[[semicolonial]]' country and is trying to launch a 'People's war' in Iran.

=== Israel ===
The 1970s group [[Ma'avak]] (an offshoot of [[Matzpen]]) was influenced by Maoism.<ref name='Cohen'>Cohen, Samy. "Doves Among Hawks: Struggles of the Israeli Peace Movements." Oxford University Press. 2019. Page 13</ref> After a further split, some of its former members (including [[Ehud Adiv]] and [[Daud Turki]]) were charged with treason for meeting with Syrian intelligence officials, in a highly publicized trial.<ref name='time'>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,906703,00.html "ISRAEL: The Sabra Spies."] ''Time''. December 25, 1972.</ref>

=== Italy ===
In Italy, the 1963 book ''Le Divergenze tra il compagno Togliatti e noi'' (Divergences between Comrade Togliatti and us) increased interest in the Chinese communist approach.<ref name=":2322">{{Cite book |last=Reill |first=Dominique Kirchner |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Partisan Legacies and Anti-Imperialist Ambitions: The Little Red Book in Italy and Yugoslavia}}</ref>{{Rp|page=187}} The text, written in China, responded to [[Palmiro Togliatti]]'s criticisms of Mao for Mao's opposition to [[de-Stalinization]].<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=187}} Months after the publication of ''Le Divergenze'', the first Italian party inspired by Mao's ideology was founded.<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=190}}

Shortly after, former [[Italian resistance movement|partisan]] Giuseppe Regis founded the publisher Edizioni Oriente (Eastern Editions), which translated and published Maoist texts, including ''Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong''.<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=190}} In early 1964, Mao-oriented activists founded the newspaper ''Nuova Unità'' (New Unity), which called for Italian communists break with the stance of the [[Italian Communist Party]] and align with the socialist countries against [[US imperialism|American imperialism]].<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=190}}

Numerous political factions and groupings took inspiration from Mao's theories and practice.<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|pages=191–192}} Among the most visible Mao-inspired group was Servire il Popolo (Serve the People), which modeled itself on the [[Red Guards]] of China.<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=192}} Servire il Popolo practiced [[Criticism and self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)|self-criticism]] and "serving and teaching the peasants" in rural Italy.<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=192}}

Violent groups which cited Mao included The Brigatte Rosse ([[Red Brigades]]) and [[Lotta Continua]] (Continuous Fight).<ref name=":2322" />{{Rp|page=192}}

=== Mao-Spontex ===
[[Mao-Spontex]] refers to a Maoist interpretation in western Europe that stresses the importance of the cultural revolution and overthrowing hierarchy.<ref name="Levy1971">{{Cite web |last=Lévy |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Lévy |date=1971 |title=Investigation into the Maoists in France |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/levy-benny/1971/investigation.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035106/https://www.marxists.org/archive/levy-benny/1971/investigation.htm |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=30 April 2019 |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> A political movement in the Marxist and [[anarchist|libertarian]] movements in Western Europe from 1968 to 1971,<ref name="Bourg2017">{{Cite book |last=Bourg |first=Julian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6Y6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 |title=From Revolution to Ethics, Second Edition: May 1968 and Contemporary French Thought |publisher=MQUP |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-7735-5247-0 |page=86 |quote=It did not take long for the GP-ists to become known as "Mao-spontex," or Maoist-spontaneists. The name was originally an insult—Spontex was the brand name of a cleaning sponge—intended to belittle the group's embrace of antiauthoritarianism as an element of revolutionary contestation. The marxisant tradition had long criticized spontaneism as an anarchistic error. |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref name="Levy1971" /> Mao-Spontex came to represent an ideology promoting the ideas of Maoism with some influence from [[Marxism]] and [[Leninism]], but rejecting the total idea of [[Marxism–Leninism]].<ref name="Levy1971" />

=== Palestine ===
The [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] was initially influenced by Maoism but shifted towards the Soviet Union after 1970.<ref>[[Helena Cobban|Cobban, Helena]]. ''The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics''. Cambridge University Press. 1984. Page 155.</ref>

=== Peru ===
As a result of factors including the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s and the later development of [[Shining Path]], Peru became the Latin American country with the largest Maoist tendency among its communist movements.<ref name=":23233">{{Cite book |last=Scott Palmer |first=David |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=The Influence of Maoism in Peru}}</ref>{{Rp|page=132}}

The Maoist-inspired group Shining Path and its leader [[Abimael Guzmán]] viewed revolution as requiring prolonged people's war.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Degregori |first=Carlos Iván |author-link=Carlos Iván Degregori |title=How Difficult It Is to Be God: Shining Path's Politics of War in Peru, 1980-1999 |date=2012 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=978-0-299-28924-9 |series=Critical Human Rights Series |location=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=39}} According to academic [[Carlos Iván Degregori]], Shining Path's view of violence exceeded the typical Maoist confines, with Shining Path viewing violence as a value in itself instead of a means.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|pages=141–142}} In the 1980s and 1990s, it waged an insurgency against the Peruvian state that resulted in tens of thousands of deaths.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49110427 Abimael Guzmán: Peru's Shining Path guerrilla leader dies at 86]</ref>

=== Philippines ===
{{main|Communist Party of the Philippines}}
The Communist Party of the Philippines is the largest communist party in the Philippines, active since December 26, 1968 (Mao's birthday). It was formed due to the [[First Great Rectification Movement]] and a split between the old [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930]], which the founders saw as revisionist. The CPP was formed on Maoist lines in stark contrast with the old PKP, which focused primarily on the parliamentary struggle. The CPP was founded by [[Jose Maria Sison]] and other cadres from the old party.<ref name="saulo">{{Cite book |last=Saulo |first=Alfredo |title=Communism in the Philippines}}</ref>

The CPP also has an armed wing that it exercises absolute control over, namely the [[New People's Army]]. It currently wages a guerrilla war against the government of the Republic of the Philippines in the countryside and is still currently active. The CPP and the NPA are part of the [[National Democratic Front of the Philippines]], a consolidation of Maoist sectoral organisations such as [[Kabataang Makabayan]] as part of the united front strategy. The NDFP also represents the people's democratic government in peace talks.<ref name="cppsbp">{{Cite book |url=https://www.philippinerevolution.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2016-CPP-consti-ppdr_en.pdf |title=Constitution and Program |publisher=Communist Party of the Philippines |edition=2016 |access-date=2019-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217062221/https://www.philippinerevolution.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/2016-CPP-consti-ppdr_en.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Portugal ===
[[File:Flag of Forças Populares 25 de Abril.svg|thumb|The flag of [[Forças Populares 25 de Abril|FP-25]]]]
Maoist movements in Portugal were very active during the 1970s, especially during the [[Carnation Revolution]] that led to the fall of the nationalist government (the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]) in 1974.

Portugal's most significant Maoist movement was the [[Portuguese Workers' Communist Party]]. The party was among the most active resistance movements before the Portuguese democratic revolution of 1974, especially among the [[Marxist–Leninist Students' Federation]] in Lisbon. After the revolution, the MRPP achieved fame for its large and highly artistic mural paintings.

Intensely active between 1974 and 1975, during that time, the party had members that later came to be significant in national politics. For example, a future Prime Minister of Portugal, [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]], was active in Maoist movements in Portugal and identified as a Maoist. In the 1980s, the [[Forças Populares 25 de Abril]] was another far-left Maoist armed organisation operating in Portugal between 1980 and 1987, aiming to create socialism in post-revolutionary Portugal.

=== Spain ===
The [[Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted)]] was a Spanish clandestine Maoist party. The party's armed wing was the [[First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups]].

=== Sweden ===
In 1968, a small extremist Maoist sect called Rebels ({{langx|sv|Rebellerna}}) was established in [[Stockholm]]. Led by [[Francisco Sarrión]], the group unsuccessfully demanded that the Chinese embassy admit them into the Chinese Communist Party. The organisation only lasted a few months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Säfve |first=Torbjörn |url=http://fib.se/fib_1/forlopp.html |title=Rebellerna i Sverige. Dokumentation, kritik, vision |publisher=Författarförlaget |year=1971 |location=Göteborg |language=sv |chapter=Rebellrörelsens förlopp |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113145711/http://fib.se/fib_1/forlopp.html |archive-date=13 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Tanzania ===
The [[China–Tanzania relations|Tanzanian]] socialist approach of [[ujamaa]] promoted by President [[Julius Nyerere]] drew on Maoist themes including self-reliance, mass politics, the political centrality of the peasantry.<ref name=":2323">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Priya |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=Maoism in Tanzania: Material Connections and Shared Imaginiaries}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=96–97}} Ujamaa also adopted Chinese historic milestones as part of its symbolism, including the Cultural Revolution and the [[Long March]].<ref name=":2323" />{{Rp|page=96}}

=== Turkey ===
{{see also|Maoist insurgency in Turkey}}
The [[Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist]] (TKP/ML) is a Maoist organisation in Turkey currently waging a people's war against the [[Cabinet of Turkey|Turkish government]]. It was founded in 1972 as a split from another illegal Maoist party, the [[Revolutionary Workers' and Peasants' Party of Turkey]] (TİİKP), which [[Doğu Perinçek]] founded in 1969, led by [[İbrahim Kaypakkaya]]. The party's armed wing is named the Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army in Turkey (TİKKO). TİİKP is succeeded by the [[Patriotic Party (Turkey)|Patriotic Party]], headed by Perinçek. Though [[Doğu Perinçek|Perinçek]] was significantly influenced by Mao, the Patriotic Party says he's not a Maoist, instead saying that he embraced "Mao's contributions to the literature of the world revolution and scientific socialism" and "adapted them to Turkey's conditions".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Perinçek 70'lerde Maocu, 80'lerde Kürtçü şimdi de Atatürkçü oldu" diyenler var. Gerçekten öyle mi? |url=https://vatanpartisi.org.tr/genel-merkez/soruyorum/50213 |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Patriotic Party |language=tr}}</ref>

=== United States ===
After the tumultuous 1960s (particularly the events of 1968, such as the launch of the [[Tet Offensive]], the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]], [[Columbia University protests of 1968|nationwide university protests]], and the election of Richard Nixon), proponents of Maoist ideology constituted the "largest and most dynamic" branch of [[American socialism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Elbaum |first=Max |date=1998 |title=Maoism in the United States |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/maoism-us.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124171902/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-1/maoism-us.htm |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Twombly |first=Matthew |date=January 2018 |title=A Timeline of 1968: The Year That Shattered America |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/timeline-seismic-180967503/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035343/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/timeline-seismic-180967503/ |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> From this branch came a collection of "newspapers, journals, books, and pamphlets," each of which spoke on the unreasonability of the American system and proclaimed the need for a concerted social revolution.<ref name=":0" /> Among the many Maoist principles, the group of aspiring American revolutionaries sympathized with the idea of a protracted people's war, which would allow citizens to address the oppressive nature of global capitalism martially.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marks |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Rich |first2=Paul B. |date=2017-05-04 |title=Back to the future – people's war in the 21st century |journal=Small Wars & Insurgencies |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=409–425 |doi=10.1080/09592318.2017.1307620 |issn=0959-2318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maoism was a major influence on the [[New Communist movement]].

Mounting discontent with racial oppression and socioeconomic exploitation birthed the two largest, officially-organized Maoist groups: the [[Revolutionary Communist Party, USA|Revolutionary Communist Party]] and the [[Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) (United States)|October League]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=Aaron J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5JBgAAQBAJ&q=revolutionary+communist+party+scholarly+articles&pg=PT8 |title=Heavy Radicals - The FBI's Secret War on America's Maoists: The Revolutionary Union / Revolutionary Communist Party 1968-1980 |last2=Gallagher |first2=Conor A. |date=2015-02-27 |publisher=John Hunt Publishing |isbn=978-1-78279-533-9 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035324/https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5JBgAAQBAJ&q=revolutionary+communist+party+scholarly+articles&pg=PT8 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, these were not the only groups: a slew of organizations and movements emerged across the globe as well, including [[I Wor Kuen]], the [[Black Workers Congress]], the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization, the [[August Twenty-Ninth Movement]], the Workers Viewpoint Organization, and many others—all of which overtly supported Maoist doctrine.<ref name=":0" />

Orchestrated by ''[[National Guardian|The Guardian]],'' in the spring of 1973, an attempt to conflate the strands of American Maoism was made with a series of sponsored forums titled "What Road to Building a New Communist Party?" The forums drew 1,200 attendees to a New York City auditorium that spring.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Elbaum |first=Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJaDwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9CWhat+Road+to+Building+a+New+Communist+Party&pg=PA108 |title=Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che |date=2018-02-06 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78663-459-7 |language=en |access-date=2020-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073024/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJaDwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9CWhat+Road+to+Building+a+New+Communist+Party&pg=PA108 |archive-date=2021-02-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> The central message of the event revolved around "building an anti-revisionist, non-Trotskyist, non-anarchist party".<ref>{{Cite web |title=MIM Notes |url=https://www.prisoncensorship.info/archive/etext/mn/mn.php?issue=070 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035301/https://www.prisoncensorship.info/archive/etext/mn/mn.php?issue=070 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=www.prisoncensorship.info}}</ref> From this, other forums were held worldwide, covering topics such as "The Role of the Anti-Imperialist Forces in the Antiwar Movement" and "The Question of the Black Nation"—each forum rallying, on average, an audience of 500 activists, and serving as a "barometer of the movement's strength."<ref name=":1" />

The Americans' burgeoning Maoist and Marxist–Leninist movements proved optimistic for a potential revolution, but "a lack of political development and rampant rightist and ultra-leftist opportunism" thwarted the advancement of the greater communist initiative.<ref name=":1" /> In 1972, Richard Nixon made a landmark visit to the People's Republic of China to shake hands with Chairman Mao Zedong; this simple handshake marked the gradual pacification of east–west hostility and the re-formation of relations between "the most powerful and most populous" global powers: the United States and China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CDT |first=Posted on 04 21 09 10:42 AM |title=RealClearSports - Richard Nixon - Mao Zedong |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/lists/famous_political_handshakes/nixon_mao.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035254/https://www.realclearpolitics.com/lists/famous_political_handshakes/nixon_mao.html |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=www.realclearpolitics.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Frankel |first=Max  |date=1972-02-21 |title=HISTORIC HANDSHAKE: President Nixon being welcomed by Premier Chou En-lal. At the left is Mrs. Nixon. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/21/archives/a-quiet-greeting-no-airport-speeches-plane-stops-in-shanghai-an.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035334/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/02/21/archives/a-quiet-greeting-no-airport-speeches-plane-stops-in-shanghai-an.html |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-23 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Nearly a decade after the Sino-Soviet split, this newfound amiability between the two nations quieted American-based counter-capitalist rumblings and marked the steady decline of American Maoism until its unofficial cessation in the early-1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saba |first=Paul |date=22 May 1981 |title=End of the Line for American Maoism |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/wv-end-maoism.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035242/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/wv-end-maoism.htm |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>

The [[Black Panther Party]] (BPP) was another American-based, left-wing revolutionary party to oppose American global imperialism; it was a self-described Black militant organization with metropolitan chapters in [[Oakland, California]], New York, Chicago, Seattle, and Los Angeles, and an overt sympathizer with global anti-imperialistic movements (e.g., Vietnam's resistance of American neo-colonial efforts).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam War |url=https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211015440/https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history |archive-date=2021-02-11 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oliver |first=Pamela |date=19 October 2017 |title=Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panthers – Race, Politics, Justice |url=https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2017/10/19/black-against-empire-the-history-and-politics-of-the-black-panthers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035229/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/racepoliticsjustice/2017/10/19/black-against-empire-the-history-and-politics-of-the-black-panthers/ |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hermidda |first=Ariane |title=Mapping the Black Panther Party - Mapping American Social Movements |url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/BPP_map-cities.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213212029/https://depts.washington.edu/moves/BPP_map-cities.shtml |archive-date=2021-02-13 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Earl |first=Anthony |title=Black Panther Party |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~ccarson/articles/am_left.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704132738/http://web.stanford.edu/~ccarson/articles/am_left.htm |archive-date=2020-07-04 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> In 1971, a year before Nixon's monumental visit, BPP leader [[Huey P. Newton]] landed in China, whereafter he was enthralled with the [[Eastern world|East]] and the achievements of the Chinese Communist Revolution.<ref name=":2">Ren, Chao (2009) ""[https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1090&context=constructing Concrete Analysis of Concrete Conditions": A Study of the Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222022414/https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1090&context=constructing |date=2021-02-22 }}," Constructing the Past: Vol. 10 : Iss. 1, Article 7.</ref> After his return to the United States, Newton said that "[e]verything I saw in China demonstrated that the People's Republic is a free and liberated territory with a socialist government" and "[t]o see a classless society in operation is unforgettable".<ref name=":3">Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (New York: Writers and Readers Publishing Inc., 1995), 323.</ref> He extolled the Chinese police force as one that "[served] the people" and considered the Chinese antithetical to American law enforcement, which, according to Newton, represented "one huge armed group that was opposed to the will of the people".<ref name=":3" /> In general, Newton's first encounter with anti-capitalist society commenced a psychological liberation and embedded within him the desire to subvert the American system in favor of what the BPP called "revolutionary [[intercommunalism]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasquez |first=Delio |date=2018-06-11 |title=Intercommunalism: The Late Theorizations of Huey P. Newton, 'Chief Theoretician' of the Black Panther Party |url=https://www.viewpointmag.com/2018/06/11/intercommunalism-the-late-theorizations-of-huey-p-newton-chief-theoretician-of-the-black-panther-party/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124035204/https://viewpointmag.com/2018/06/11/intercommunalism-the-late-theorizations-of-huey-p-newton-chief-theoretician-of-the-black-panther-party/ |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=Viewpoint Magazine}}</ref> Furthermore, the BPP was founded on a similar politico-philosophical framework as that of Mao's CCP, that is, "the philosophical system of dialectical materialism" coupled with traditional Marxist theory.<ref name=":2" /> The words of Mao, quoted liberally in BPP speeches and writings, served as a guiding light for the party's analysis and theoretical application of Marxist ideology.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chao |first=Eveline |date=2016-10-14 |title=Let One Hundred Panthers Bloom |url=https://www.chinafile.com/viewpoint/let-one-hundred-panthers-bloom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205005009/https://www.chinafile.com/viewpoint/let-one-hundred-panthers-bloom |archive-date=2021-02-05 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=ChinaFile |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mao Tse-Tung Memorial Meetings Poster.jpg|thumb|1978 [[Revolutionary Communist Party, USA|Revolutionary Communist Party USA]] poster commemorating Mao's legacy.]]
In his autobiography ''[[Revolutionary Suicide]],'' published in 1973, Newton wrote:
<blockquote>Chairman Mao says that death comes to all of us, but it varies in its significance: to die for the reactionary is lighter than a feather; to die for the revolution is heavier than Mount Tai. [...] When I presented my solutions to the problems of Black people, or when I expressed my philosophy, people said, "Well, isn't that socialism?" Some of them were using the socialist label to put me down, but I figured that if this was socialism, then socialism must be a correct view. So I read more of the works of the socialists and began to see a strong similarity between my beliefs and theirs. My conversion was complete when I read the four volumes of Mao Tse-tung to learn more about the Chinese Revolution.<ref name=":3" /></blockquote>