Editing Manchukuo (section)

=== War crimes ===
{{Main|War crimes in Manchukuo}}

According to a joint study by historians Zhifen Ju, Mitsuyochi Himeta, Toru Kubo, and [[Mark Peattie]], more than ten million Chinese civilians were used by the Kwantung Army for slave labor in Manchukuo under the supervision of the [[East Asia Development Board|Kōa-in]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Ju |first=Zhifen |title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war |year=2002}}</ref>

The Chinese slave laborers often suffered illness due to high-intensity manual labor. Some badly ill workers were directly pushed into [[mass grave]]s in order to avoid the medical expenditure<ref>{{Citation |author=Municipal Government Information Office |title=Repatriation of one million Japanese via Huludao |page=25 |year=2005 |location=Beijing |publisher=China Intercontinental Press |isbn=7-5085-0735-5}}</ref> and the world's most serious mine disaster, at [[Benxihu Colliery]], happened in Manchukuo.

[[Biological warfare|Bacteriological weapons]] were experimented on humans by the infamous [[Unit 731]] located near Harbin in Beiyinhe from 1932 to 1936 and to Pingfan until 1945. Victims, mostly Chinese, Russians and Koreans, were subjected to [[vivisection]], sometimes without anesthesia.