Editing List of popes (section)

==== 19th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 19th century}}
{{pope list item
| 252<br>[[File:C o a Leon XII.svg|40px]]
| [[1823 papal conclave|28 September 1823]] –<br>10 February 1829<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1823|09|28|1829|02|10}})}}
| [[File:Charles Picqué – Portrait de Léon XII (1828).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo XII|Leo XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Duodecimus}}
| Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga
| 22 August 1760 [[Genga, Marche|Genga]], Papal States
| 63 / 68
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through the bull ''[[Quod divina sapientia]]'' (1824). Condemned [[Freemasonry]] and the [[Bible society|Bible societies]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 253<br>[[File:C o a Pius VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1829 papal conclave|31 March 1829]] –<br>30 November 1830<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1829|03|31|1830|11|30}})}}
| [[File:Ritratto di Papa Pio VIII, by Clemente Alberi.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius VIII|Pius VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Octavus}}
| Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni
| 20 November 1761 [[Cingoli]], Papal States
| 67 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Accepted [[Louis Philippe I]] as [[king of the French]]. Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist translations of the Bible through the brief ''Litteris altero'' (1830).
}}
{{pope list item
| 254<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XVI.svg|40px]]
| [[1830–1831 papal conclave|2 February 1831]] –<br>1 June 1846<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1831|02|02|1846|06|01}})}}
| [[File:Gregory XVI.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Sextus Decimus}}
| Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, [[Camaldolese|O.S.B. Cam.]]
| 18 September 1765 [[Belluno]], Republic of Venice
| 65 / 80
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Member of the [[Camaldolese]], with the religious name Mauro. Last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy. Politically opposed to democratic and modernising reforms of the Papal States. Regarding scientific thinking, all traces of opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835, when the uncensored versions of ''Dialogue'' and ''De Revolutionibus'' were finally removed from the ''[[Index of Forbidden Books|Index]]''.
}}
{{pope list item
| 255<br>[[File:C o a Pius IX.svg|40px]]
| [[1846 papal conclave|16 June 1846]] –<br>7 February 1878<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1846|06|16|1878|02|07}})}}
| [[File:Pius IX, by Adolphe Braun, 1875.jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Nonus}}
| Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro [[Mastai family|Mastai]]-Ferretti
| 13 May 1792 [[Senigallia]], Papal States
| 54 / 85
| Subject and later the last sovereign of the [[Papal States]], finally becoming an Italian citizen. Defined the dogmas of [[Immaculate Conception]] and [[papal infallibility]]. Issued the controversial [[Syllabus of Errors]] (1864). Opened the [[First Vatican Council]] (1869). Lost the [[Papal States]] to Italy (1870). Longest-reigning pope since [[Saint Peter|Peter]] (c. 30–64); longest verified reign. First pope to be photographed.

During his pontificate, Augustinian friar [[Gregor Mendel]] published the "[[Experiments on Plant Hybridization]]" and [[Charles Darwin]] published ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''. At that time, no high-level Church pronouncement attacked head-on the theory of evolution as applied to non-human species.<ref>Harrison, especially Conclusion section 2</ref>

Even before the development of the [[scientific method]], Catholic theology had allowed for biblical texts to be read as allegorical rather than literal where they appeared to contradict that which could be established by science or reason. Thus, Catholicism has been able to refine its understanding of scripture in light of scientific discoveries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0043.htm |title=Catholic Education Resource Center|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113053619/https://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0043.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html |title=The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine |access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712161455/https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list item
| 256<br>[[File:C o a Leon XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1878 papal conclave|20 February 1878]] –<br>20 July 1903<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1878|02|20|1903|07|20}})}}
| [[File:Papa Leone XIII.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci
| 2 March 1810 [[Carpineto Romano]], [[First French Empire|French Empire]]
| 67 / 93
| French citizen of [[Italians|Italian]] ethnicity, later becoming a subject of the Papal States and finally an Italian citizen. Issued the encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' (1891), supporting [[Christian democracy]] against [[Communism]]. Fourth-longest reigning pope after [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]], and [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]. Promoted the [[rosary and scapular]]. Approved two new Marian scapulars; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as [[mediatrix]]. First pope to be [[Sua Santità papa Leone XIII|filmed using a motion picture camera]] (1898) and first pope with voice recorded. Oldest verified pope in office.
}}
{{pope list end}}