Editing Lindisfarne (section)

==Additional points of interest==

===Church of St Mary the Virgin===
The parish church stands on the site of the wooden church built by St Aidan in AD 635. When the site was rebuilt by the Normans, the site of the original abbey church was redeveloped in stone as the parish church. It is the oldest building on the island that has been maintained in some fashion, and which has a roof on it. Remains of the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] church exist as the chancel wall and arch. A Norman [[apse]] (subsequently replaced in the 13th&nbsp;century) led eastwards from the chancel. The nave was extended in the 12th&nbsp;century with a northern arcade, and in the following century with a southern arcade.{{sfn|Brother Damian SSF|2009}}

After the [[English Reformation|Reformation]] the church slipped into disrepair until the restoration of 1860. The church is built of coloured sandstone which has had the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] plaster removed from it. The north aisle is known as the "fishermen's aisle" and houses the altar of St.&nbsp;Peter. The south aisle used to hold the altar of St.&nbsp;Margaret of Scotland, but now houses the organ.{{sfn|Brother Damian SSF|2009}}

The church is a Grade&nbsp;I listed building number 1042304, listed as part of the whole priory.{{sfnp|Historic England|1042304}} The church forms most of the earliest part of the site and is a scheduled ancient monument number 1011650.{{sfnp|Historic England|1011650}}

===St Cuthbert's Isle (Hobthrush)===
{{Quote box |width = 12em |align = right
 |quote = . . . "Now indeed<br>at the first beginning<br>of his solitary life,<br>he retired to<br>a certain place{{efn| A Journey to Lindisfarne (Alistair Moffat)<br>..."This certain place was the islet of ''Hobthrush''...{{sfn|Moffat|2019|pp=215–16}} }}<br>in the outer precincts<br>of the monastery<br>
which seemed to be<br>more secluded..."{{efn| A Journey to Lindisfarne (Alistair Moffat)<br>..."Bede wrote that it was more secluded, '' 'secretior' ''
<br>...translation of original Latin might be 'more solitary', 'more deserted'...{{Sfn|Moffat|2019|pp=216}} }}
<br>([[Latin]]: [[wikt: secretus#Latin|''sēcrētus'']]) | source = — [[Bede]]}}
{{See also|Cuthbert#Hermit's life}}
St Cuthbert's Isle, also known as ''Hobthrush'', is a small islet of [[Whin Sill|black dolerite rock]], described by Bede as being<br>"...in the outer precincts of the monastery..."{{efn|Historic England..."A chapel dedicated to St Cuthbert is mentioned by Bede (AD 673-735) and described as being in the outer precincts of the Anglo-Saxon monastery; it is believed to refer to this island...<ref name= List_1014485>{{National Heritage List for England |num=1014485 |desc= Medieval chapel and associated building on St Cuthbert's Isle |accessdate= 1 November 2023}}</ref> }}
The islet is reputed to be the place where [[Cuthbert]] spent<br>"...the first beginning of his solitary life..."{{efn| The Holy Island (Cartwright)
<br>..."This small island...was the site of Cuthbert's earliest retreats before he went to the Farnes, and [[Eadberht of Lindisfarne|Eadberht]], also,
 was in the habit of isolating himself there in [[Lent]]...{{sfn|Cartwright|Cartwright|1976|pp=56}} }}

The islet is a short distance from Holy Island.<ref>{{cite web |title= MAGiC MaP : Lindisfarne – St Cuthberts Isle – Monastery.
 |url= http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?chosenLayers=moncIndex&xygridref=412300,641600&startScale=5000 |publisher= Natural England – Magic in the Cloud.}}</ref><ref name= Magic_Notes>MAGiC MaP – Notes 
# Use ''Table of Contents'' for Colour mapping.
# There may be intermittent problems with the [[Natural England|magic.defra.gov.uk]] website, if so then try again another time.</ref>
It is possible to walk across sand and rocks to the islet when tidal conditions allow.{{efn| A Journey to Lindisfarne (Alistair Moffat)<br>
..."The tide had retreated far enough to allow safe passage across the sand and rocks to Hobthrush, St Cuthbert's Isle...{{sfn|Moffat|2019|pp=213}} }}{{efn| Distances from St Cuthbert's Isle:
# Holy Island — about {{convert|0.12|mi|km}}
# Monastery — about {{convert|0.18|mi|km}} }}

There are the remains of a medieval chapel, designated as a [[scheduled monument]]:<ref name= List_1014485/> 
* Stone-built chapel – post-Norman Conquest
* Earthwork bank
* Semicircular mound, possibly the remains of a circular [[monastic cell]] 
* Modern wooden cross

The name "''Hobthrush''" relates to [[Hob (folklore)]] – the similarly named "''Hob-trush''" is also found in [[North Yorkshire]].{{efn| See [[Hob (folklore)]] > [[Hob (folklore)#North York Moors|North York Moors]].}} It is possible that the name was introduced by [[Navvy|migrant workers]] while working on Holy Island.

===Lindisfarne Castle===
{{main|Lindisfarne Castle}}
Lindisfarne Castle was built in 1550, around the time that Lindisfarne Priory went out of use, and stones from the priory were used as building material. It is very small by the usual standards, and was more of a fort. The castle sits on the highest point of the island, a [[whinstone]] hill called Beblowe.{{sfn|The National Trust|2023}}

After Henry VIII suppressed the priory, his troops used the remains as a naval store. In 1542 Henry VIII ordered the [[Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland|Earl of Rutland]] to fortify the site against possible Scottish invasion. [[John Harington (died 1553)|Sir John Harington]] and the Master Mason of Berwick started to plan to build two earth bulwarks, although the Rutland advised the use of stone from the priory.<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Hamilton Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 179.</ref> In September 1544 a Scottish fleet led by John Barton in the ''[[English ship Mary Willoughby|Mary Willoughby]]'' threatened the English coast. It was thought the Scottish ships might try to burn Lindisfarne, so orders were given to repair the decayed bulwark or blockhouse at Holy Island.<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Hamilton Papers'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1892), pp. 463, 471–76.</ref>

By December 1547, Ralph Cleisbye, Captain of the fort, had guns including a wheel-mounted [[demi-culverin]], two brass [[saker (cannon)|sakers]], a [[falconet (cannon)|falcon]], and another fixed demi-culverin.{{sfn|Starkey|1998|p=134}} However, Beblowe Crag itself was not fortified until 1549 and Sir Richard Lee saw only a decayed platform and turf rampart there in 1565. [[Elizabeth I]] then had work carried out on the fort, strengthening it and providing gun platforms for the developments in artillery technology. When [[James VI and I]] came to power in England, he combined the [[Union of the Crowns|Scottish and English thrones]], and the need for the castle declined. At that time the castle was still garrisoned from Berwick and protected the small Lindisfarne Harbour.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

During the [[Jacobite rising of 1715]] the [[Earl of Mar]] (later commander of the Jacobite army) planned for a Franco-Spanish invasion of North-East England to link up with indigenous Jacobites and the Scottish army marching south.  The Holy Island was regarded by Mar as the ideal place for a landing.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|pp=34–35}}  The following day, however, he decided on a more southerly landing.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|p=35}}

Lindisfarne was close to [[Bamburgh]] which at that time was owned by [[Thomas Forster]] who was a committed Jacobite.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|p=38}}  The Jacobites wanted to secure the castle on Holy Island so as "to give signals to the ships from which they expected succours from abroad".  The castle was sealed but only held by around six men.  The brigantine ''Mary'' of the Tyne, ex France was anchored in the bay.  The master, [[Lancelot Errington]], went ashore on 10 October 1715 to ask Samuel Phillipson, the castle's [[Master Gunner]] who also served as the unit's [[barber]], for a shave.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|p=71}}  The men knew each other and so this seemed entirely innocent.  Errington established that only two soldiers (Phillipson and Farggison) and Phillipson's wife were actually in the castle, the rest of the garrison being off duty.  Errington returned with his nephew later in the day claiming to have lost the key to his watch then pulled a pistol on Phillipson and ejected the three people.  Forster was expected to send reinforcements to the castle but never did.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|p=72}}

The following day Colonel Laton with a hundred troops arrived from Berwick and was joined by 50 of the islanders in retaking the castle.  The Erringtons fled, were caught and imprisoned in the tollbooth at Berwick but tunnelled their way out and escaped back to Bamburgh.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|p=73}}  On 14 October two French ships signalled to the castle, but on receiving no reply withdrew.{{sfn|Gooch|1995|p=74}}

The castle was refurbished in the [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] style by Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] for the editor of [[Country Life (magazine)|''Country Life'']], [[Edward Hudson (magazine owner)|Edward Hudson]]. Lutyens also designed the [[Holy Island War Memorial]] on the Heugh. 

One of the most celebrated gardeners of modern times, [[Gertrude Jekyll]] (1843–1932), laid out a small walled garden just north of the castle in 1911.{{sfn|The National Trust|2020}}  The [[castle]], garden and nearby lime kilns are in the care of the [[National Trust]] and open to visitors.{{sfn|The National Trust|2020}}

===Green Shiel===
This monument on the north coast includes a [[farmstead]] dated to the early medieval period. The stone-built foundations of five rectangular buildings have been uncovered by excavation within the dune system. The settlement at Green Shiel is a rare example of an early medieval farmstead in Northumberland. There are no other known examples of stone-built farmsteads of this period in the region, and as such it is of particular importance.<ref>{{NHLE |desc= Early medieval farmstead at Green Shiel, Holy Island
 |num= 1015632 |accessdate=22 February 2024}}</ref> The settlement has been dated to the 9th century.<ref>{{cite web |title= Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve leaflet
 |url= https://www.lindisfarne.org.uk/general/pdf/NNRLindisfarneLeaflet.pdf |publisher= Natural England}}</ref>

===Navigational markers===
{{Infobox lighthouse
| qid = Q18431329
| image_width = 100px
| mapframe=no
| construction = Unpainted square stone obelisk
}}{{Infobox lighthouse
| qid = Q106367910
| image_width = 100px
| mapframe=no
| construction = Unpainted square stone obelisk
| height = {{convert|25|m|ft}}
}}{{Infobox lighthouse
| qid = Q3739194
| image_width = 100px
| mapframe=no
| shape = quadrangular tower with black triangle daymark and light
}}
The [[Corporation of Trinity House]] maintains three [[beacons]] on or near the island, to guide vessels entering Holy Island Harbour: one is on Heugh Hill, the other two at Guile Point. Two of the three have navigation lights attached (and Trinity House classes them as '[[lighthouses]]').  Until 1 November 1995 all three were operated by [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne Trinity House]] (a separate corporation, which formerly had responsibility for navigation marks along the coast from Berwick-upon-Tweed to [[Whitby]]), but on that day responsibility for marking the approach to the harbour was assumed by the London-based Corporation.{{sfn|Corporation of Trinity House|2016|loc=[https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/heugh-hill-lighthouse Heugh Hill]}}

Guile Point East and Guile Point West are two stone obelisks which function as [[Leading lights|leading marks]], guiding vessels approaching the harbour from the east. The beacons, which stand on a small tidal island on the other side of the channel, were established in 1826 by Newcastle-upon-Tyne Trinity House (in whose ownership they remain). When aligned, they indicated the safe channel over a submerged [[Bar (landform)|bar]].{{sfn|Imray|1854|p=19}} Since the early 1990s, a [[sector light]] has been fixed about one-third of the way up on the Guile Point East beacon.{{sfn|Corporation of Trinity House|2016|loc=[https://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/lighthouses-and-lightvessels/guile-point-east-lighthouse Guile Point East]}}

The Heugh Hill Light is a metal framework tower with a black triangular day mark, situated on Heugh Hill (a ridge on the south edge of Lindisfarne). Prior to its installation, a wooden beacon with a triangle topmark had stood on the centre of Heugh Hill for many decades.{{sfn|Imray|1854|p=19}} When aligned with the church belfry (on a bearing of 310°), it indicated that the bar had been cleared and provided a line of approach into the harbour.{{sfn|Fowler|1990|p=22:137}} 

Nearby on Heugh Hill is a former coastguard station (recently refurbished and opened to the public as a viewing platform).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Heugh |url=https://visitlindisfarne.com/listings/attractions-activities/the-heugh/ |website=Visit Lindisfarne |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref> An adjacent ruin is known as the Lantern Chapel; its origin is unknown, but the name may indicate an earlier navigation light on this site.<ref name="HeughArchaeology">{{cite web |title=Archaeological Excavations on Lindisfarne Heugh |url=https://www.islandshirearchives.org.uk/content/areas/holy-island/archaeology/archaeological-excavations-lindisfarne-heugh |website=Islandshire Archives |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref>

On the other side of the island, the Emmanuel Head [[daymark]] provides a visual navigational [[Fix (position)|fix]] during daylight hours. It is a white brick pyramid, standing {{convert|35|ft}} high, on Emmanuel Head at the north-eastern point of Lindisfarne. Built in 1810, it is said to be Britain's earliest purpose-built daymark.{{sfn|Jones|2014}}{{page needed|date=June 2022}}

<gallery heights="165" widths="200">
File:Emmanuel Head Beacon - Holy Island - geograph.org.uk - 63388.jpg|Emmanuel Head Daymark
File:Former coastguard station and remains of Lantern Chapel, The Heugh, Holy Island - geograph.org.uk - 409679.jpg|Public viewing platform and former coastguard station with remains of 'Lantern Chapel'
</gallery>