Editing Lahore (section)

=== Partition ===
The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Khaled Ahmed|title=The City that wanted to know |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/|access-date=28 December 2017 |agency=Indian Express|date=3 June 2017|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224043630/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lahore-the-city-that-wanted-to-know-4686476/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the [[Radcliffe Line]] to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Kuldip Nayyar claimed that [[Cyril Radcliffe]] had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new [[Dominion of India]],<ref name="Dabas2017"/><ref name="Nayar2018">{{cite web |author1=[[Kuldip Nayar]] |title='I nearly gave you Lahore': When Kuldip Nayar asked Cyril Radcliffe about deciding Indo-Pak border |url=https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |website=Scroll.in |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025001/https://scroll.in/article/891693/i-nearly-gave-you-lahore-when-kuldip-nayar-asked-cyril-radcliffe-about-deciding-indo-pak-border |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kaul1991">{{cite book |last1=Kaul |first1=Pyarelal |title=Crisis in Kashmir |date=1991 |publisher=Suman Publications |page=42|quote=Under Radcliffe Award, Lahore was to have gone to India and not to Pakistan. The Arbitrator Radcliffe, announced to the representatives of India and Pakistan that Lahore had fallen to the lot of India.}}</ref> but decided to place it within the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded [[Calcutta]] to India.<ref name="Nayar">{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Kuldip |title=Line of Division: Real and Imagined |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |date=24 September 2006 |language=en |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309021052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060924/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dabas2017">{{cite news |last1=Dabas |first1=Maninder |title=Here's How Radcliffe Line Was Drawn On This Day And Lahore Could Not Become A Part of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |language=en |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128021247/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/here-s-how-radcliff-line-was-drawn-on-this-day-and-lahore-could-not-become-a-part-of-india-328012.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Nayar2018"/>

As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced [[Partition of India|Partition]]'s worst riots.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fiddian-Qasmiyeh |first1=Elena |last2=Loescher |first2=Gil |last3=Long |first3=Katy |last4=Sigona |first4=Nando |title=The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191645884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLkBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT314 |access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city ''en masse'' as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the Walled City, was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.<ref name=dejonge>{{cite book|last1=de Jonge|first1=Rene|title=Urban planning in Lahore: a confrontation with real development|date=1989|publisher=Peter Groote|isbn=9789036701839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqG6BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP35|access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live [[Hindustan]]" throughout the night.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}} On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.{{sfnp|Kudaisya |Yong |2004|p={{page needed|date=August 2024}}}}