Editing Karlsruhe (section)

==Jewish community==
Jews settled in Karlsruhe soon after its founding.<ref name="Singer1906">"[https://books.google.com/books?id=SzsyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA448 Karlsruhe (Carlsruhe)]" (1906). ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''. Ed. Isidore Singer. Vol. 7. p. 448-449.</ref> They were attracted by the numerous privileges granted by its founder to settlers, without discrimination as to creed. Official documents attest the presence of several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717.<ref name="Singer1906"/> A year later the city council addressed to the margrave a report in which a question was raised as to the proportion of municipal charges to be borne by the newly arrived Jews, who in that year formed an organized congregation, with Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen of [[Metz]] at its head. A document dated 1726 gives the names of twenty-four Jews who had taken part in an election of municipal officers.

As the city grew, permission to settle there became less easily obtained by Jews, and the community developed more slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews were forbidden to leave the city on Sundays and Christian holidays, or to go out of their houses during church services, but they were exempted from service by court summonses on Sabbaths. They could sell wine only in inns owned by Jews and graze their cattle, not on the [[commons]], but on the wayside only. [[Nethaneel Weil|Nethanael Weill]] was a rabbi in Karlsruhe from 1750 until his death.

In 1783, by a decree issued by Margrave [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden|Charles Frederick of Baden]], the Jews ceased to be [[serf]]s, and consequently could settle wherever they pleased. The same decree freed them from the ''Todfall'' tax, paid to the clergy for each Jewish burial. In commemoration of these changes special prayers were prepared by the acting rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, who, succeeding his father in 1770, held the office until 1805.

In 1808 the new constitution of what at that time, during the [[Napoleonic era]], had become the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] granted Jews citizenship status; a subsequent edict, in 1809, constitutionally acknowledged Jews as a religious group.<ref name="Dubnow1920">[[Simon Dubnow|Dubnow, Simon]] (1920). ''Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (1789–1914)''. {{in lang|de}} Translated from the Russian by Alexander Eliasberg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228 Vol. 1. Einleitung. Erste Abteilung: Das Zeitalter der ersten Emanzipation (1789–1815)]. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag. p. 288.</ref><ref>Kober, Adolf (1942). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=9pwYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331 Mannheim]." ''The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia''. Ed. Isaac Landman. Vol. 7. New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 330-332; here: p. 331.</ref> The latter edict provided for a hierarchical organization of the Jewish communities of Baden, under the umbrella of a central council of Baden Jewry (Oberrat der Israeliten Badens), with its seat in Karlsruhe,<ref name="Dubnow1920"/> and the appointment of a chief rabbi of Karlsruhe, as the spiritual head of the Jews in all of Baden.<ref name="Singer1906"/> The first chief rabbi of Karlsruhe and Baden was Rabbi Asher Loew, who served from 1809 until his death in 1837.<ref name="Oelsner">{{cite EJ|last=Oelsner|first=Toni|title=Karlsruhe|volume=11|pages=810–811}}</ref>

Complete [[emancipation]] was given in 1862, Jews were elected to city council and Baden parliament, and from 1890 were appointed judges. Jews were persecuted in the [[Hep-Hep riots|'Hep-Hep' riots]] that occurred in 1819; and anti-Jewish demonstrations were held in 1843, 1848, and the 1880s. The well-known German-Israeli artist [[Leo Kahn (painter)|Leo Kahn]] studied in Karlsruhe before leaving for France and Israel in the 1920s and 1930s.

Today, there are about 900 members in the Jewish community, many of whom are recent immigrants from Russia, and an orthodox rabbi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jg-karlsruhe.de/index.php/de/|title=Aktuelles|website=jg-karlsruhe.de}}</ref>

Karlsruhe has memorialized its Jewish community and notable pre-war synagogues with a memorial park.<ref name="alemannia-judaica">{{cite web|url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%2021/ka%20syn.jpg|title=images/Images%2021/ka%20syn|publisher=alemannia-judaica.de|access-date=2014-07-24}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Juedischer Friedhof Groetzingen.jpg|[[Grötzingen Jewish Cemetery|Jewish cemetery of Grötzingen]]
File:Karlsruhe Synagoge 1810.jpg|alt=Karlsruhe Synagogue, built by Friedrich Weinbrenner in 1798 (existed until 1871)|The [[Karlsruhe Synagogue]], built by [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] in 1798 (existed until 1871)
File:Karlsruhe Shoa.jpg|Holocaust memorial
File:Karlsruhe Synagoge Luftbild.jpg|The new synagogue
File:Chanukka Karlsruhe-2016 Mentrup-Mendelson.jpg|[[Public menorah]] on the ''Marktplatz''
</gallery>

=== Karlsruhe and the Shoah ===
On 28 October 1938, all Jewish men of Polish extraction were expelled to the Polish border, their families joining them later and most ultimately perishing in the ghettoes and concentration camps. On [[Kristallnacht]] (9–10 November 1938), the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, the main synagogue was damaged, and Jewish men were taken to the Dachau concentration camp after being beaten and tormented. Deportations commenced on 22 October 1940, when 893 Jews were loaded onto trains for the three-day journey to the [[Gurs internment camp|Gurs concentration camp]] in France. Another 387 were deported in from 1942 to 1945 to lzbica in the Lublin district (Poland), Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz. Of the 1,280 Jews deported directly from Karlsruhe, 1,175 perished. Another 138 perished after deportation from other German cities or occupied Europe. In all, 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews died during the [[The Holocaust|Shoah]]. A new community was formed after the war by surviving former residents, with a new synagogue erected in 1971. It numbered 359 in 1980.<ref name="Yad Vashem - Request Rejected"/>