Editing Karl Marx (section)

== Legacy ==
{{main|Marxism}}
[[File:Marx und Engels Denkmal, alter Platz - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels monument in [[Marx-Engels Forum]], [[Berlin-Mitte]], Germany]]
[[File:Stamp Soviet Union 1948 CPA 1246.jpg|thumb|right|1948 [[Soviet Union stamp catalogue|Soviet Union stamp]], featuring Marx and Engels, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the ''Manifesto'']]

Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought,{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}}<ref name="Manchester"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Wheen |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Wheen |date=17 July 2005 |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |title=Why Marx is man of the moment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718233606/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1530250,00.html |archive-date=18 July 2005 |work=[[The Observer]]}}</ref><ref name="Allan2010"/> in particular in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Magness |first1=Phil |last2=Makovi |first2=Michael |date=2022 |title=The Mainstreaming of Marx: Measuring the Effect of the Russian Revolution on Karl Marx's Influence |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |journal=[[Journal of Political Economy]] |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1507–1545 |doi=10.1086/722933 |issn=0022-3808 |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230081241/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722933 |url-status=live }}</ref> Followers of Marx have often debated among themselves over how to interpret Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world.{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} The legacy of Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Marx's most accurate interpreter. In the political realm, these tendencies include [[political theories]] such as [[Leninism]], [[Marxism–Leninism]], [[Trotskyism]], [[Maoism]], [[Luxemburgism]], [[libertarian Marxism]],{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}} and [[Open Marxism]]. Various currents have also developed in [[academic Marxism]], often under influence of other views, resulting in [[structuralist Marxism]], [[historical materialism]], phenomenological Marxism, [[analytical Marxism]], and [[Hegelian Marxism]].{{sfn|Andersen|Kaspersen|2000|p=123–}}

From an academic perspective, Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology. He has been cited as one of the 19th century's three masters of the "[[Hermeneutics of suspicion|school of suspicion]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Ricoeur |first=Paul |title=Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation |location=New Haven and London |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |date=1970 |page=32}}</ref> and as one of the three principal architects of modern [[social science]].<ref name="plato.stanford.edu"/> In contrast to other philosophers, Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the [[scientific method]].{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|pp=23–24}} 

Both Marx and [[Auguste Comte]] set out to develop scientifically justified ideologies in the wake of European [[secularisation]] and new developments in the [[philosophy of history|philosophies of history]] and science. Working in the Hegelian tradition, Marx rejected Comtean [[sociological positivism]] in an attempt to develop a ''science of society''.{{sfn|Calhoun|2002|p=19}} [[Karl Löwith]] considered Marx and [[Søren Kierkegaard]] to be the two greatest philosophical successors of Hegel.<ref>{{cite book |last=Löwith |first=Karl |author-link=Karl Löwith |title=From Hegel to Nietzsche |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |date=1991 |page=49}}</ref> 

In modern [[sociological theory]], [[Marxist sociology]] is recognised as one of the main classical perspectives. [[Isaiah Berlin]] considers Marx the true founder of modern sociology "in so far as anyone can claim the title".{{sfn|Berlin|1963|p=130}} Beyond social science, he has also had a lasting legacy in philosophy, literature, the arts, and the humanities.{{sfn|Singer|1980|p=1}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bridget |last=O'Laughlin |date=October 1975 |title=Marxist Approaches in Anthropology |journal=[[Annual Review of Anthropology]] |volume=4 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.002013}}<br />William Roseberry (1997) ''Marx and Anthropology'' Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: pp. 25–46 (October 1997) {{doi|10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.25}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=S.L. |year=1984 |title=Marxist Approaches to Media Studies: The British Experience |journal=Critical Studies in Mass Communication |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–80 |doi=10.1080/15295038409360014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Manuel |last1=Alvarado |author1-link=Manuel Alvarado |first2=Robin |last2=Gutch |first3=Tana |last3=Wollen |date=1987 |title=Learning the Media: Introduction to Media Teaching |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]}}</ref>

[[File:Karl-Marx-Statue in Trier.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Marx statue in Trier, Germany]]
Social theorists of the 20th and 21st centuries have pursued two main strategies in response to Marx. One move has been to reduce it to its analytical core, known as analytical Marxism. Another, more common move has been to dilute the explanatory claims of Marx's social theory and emphasise the "relative [[autonomy]] working-class agenda" of aspects of social and economic life not directly related to Marx's central narrative of interaction between the development of the "forces of production" and the succession of "modes of production". This has been the [[neo-Marxist]] theorising adopted by historians inspired by Marx's social theory such as [[E. P. Thompson]] and Eric Hobsbawm. It has also been a line of thinking pursued by thinkers and activists such as [[Antonio Gramsci]] who have sought to understand the opportunities and the difficulties of transformative political practice, seen in the light of Marxist social theory.<ref>Kołakowski, Leszek. Main Currents of Marxism: the Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown. Translated by P.S. Falla. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.</ref><ref>Aron, Raymond. Main Currents in Sociological Thought. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1965.</ref><ref>Anderson, Perry. Considerations on Western Marxism. London: NLB, 1976.</ref><ref>Hobsbawm, E. J. How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism, 1840–2011 (London: Little, Brown, 2011), 314–44.</ref> Marx's ideas had a profound influence on subsequent artists and art history, with avant-garde movements across literature, visual art, music, film, and theatre.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Marxism and the History of Art: From William Morris to the New Left |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |date=2006}}</ref>

[[File:Communist countries.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of countries that declared themselves to be socialist states under the [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] definition between 1979 and 1983, which marked the greatest territorial extent of [[List of socialist states|socialist states]]]]

Politically, Marx's legacy is more complex. Throughout the 20th century, revolutions in dozens of countries labelled themselves "Marxist"{{mdash}}most notably the [[Russian Revolution]], which led to the founding of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="April Thesis">{{cite web|last1=Lenin |first1=V.I. |author-link=Vladimir Lenin |title=The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution|date=1917 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111834/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Major world leaders including [[Vladimir Lenin]],<ref name="April Thesis"/> [[Mao Zedong]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Glossary of People – Ma |url=https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404060241/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/m/a.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Savioli |first1=Arminio |title=L'Unita Interview with Fidel Castro: The Nature of Cuban Socialism|date=1961 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907221742/https://www.marxists.org/history/cuba/archive/castro/1961/02/01.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Salvador Allende]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Allende |first1=Salvador |author-link=Salvador Allende |title=First speech to the Chilean parliament after his election |date=1970|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044153/http://marxists.org/archive/allende/1970/september/20.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Josip Broz Tito]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Broz Tito |first1=Josip |author-link=Josip Broz Tito |title=Historical Development in the World Will Move Towards the Strengthening of Socialism|date=1959 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426215819/https://www.marxists.org/archive/tito/1959/04/19.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kwame Nkrumah]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nkrumah |first1=Kwame |author-link=Kwame Nkrumah |title=African Socialism Revisited|date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508212248/https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/1967/african-socialism-revisited.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |title=Nehru's economic philosophy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226013014/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehrus-economic-philosophy/article18589548.ece |archive-date=26 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 May 2017}}</ref> [[Nelson Mandela]],<ref>"[https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ Nelson Mandela's Living Legacy | Preparing for Defiance 1949–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509223406/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/nelson-mandelas-living-legacy-embracing-communism-and-the-defiance-campaign-1949-1952/ |date=9 May 2018 }}". ''The South African''. 6 November 2013.</ref> [[Xi Jinping]]<ref name="euronews">{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |last=Churm |first=Philip Andrew |title=Juncker opens exhibition to Karl Marx |work=[[Euronews]] |date=4 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403030931/https://www.euronews.com/2018/05/04/juncker-opens-exhibition-to-karl-marx |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Thomas Sankara]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Harsch |first=Ernest |date=20 May 2015 |title=Resurrecting Thomas Sankara |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination/ |access-date=6 October 2021 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023094513/https://jacobinmag.com/2015/05/thomas-sankara-burkina-faso-assassination |url-status=live }}</ref> have all cited Marx as an influence. Beyond where Marxist revolutions took place, Marx's ideas have informed political parties worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeffries |first1=Stuart |title=Why Marxism is on the rise again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108185759/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/04/the-return-of-marxism |url-status=live}}</ref> 

In countries associated with Marxism, political opponents have blamed Marx for millions of deaths,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stanley |first1=Tim |title=The Left is trying to rehabilitate Karl Marx. Let's remind them of the millions who died in his name |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/ |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=1 November 2013|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407225246/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100244023/the-left-is-trying-to-rehabilitate-karl-marx-lets-remind-them-of-the-millions-who-died-in-his-name/|url-status=dead}}</ref> while others argue for a distinction between the legacy and influence of Marx specifically, and the legacy and influence of those who have shaped his ideas for political purposes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elbe |first1=Indigo |title=Between Marx, Marxism, and Marxisms – Ways of Reading Marx's Theory |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |work=Viewpoint Magazine |access-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108194200/https://viewpointmag.com/2013/10/21/between-marx-marxism-and-marxisms-ways-of-reading-marxs-theory/ |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Arthur Lipow describes Marx and his collaborator [[Friedrich Engels]] as "the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lipow |first=Arthur |date=1991 |title=Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=1 |isbn=978-0-520-07543-6 |quote={{'}}We are not among those communists who are out to destroy personal liberty, who wish to turn the world into one huge barrack or into a gigantic workhouse. There certainly are some communists who, with an easy conscience, refuse to countenance personal liberty and would like to shuffle it out of the world because they consider that it is a hindrance to complete harmony. But we have no desire to exchange freedom for equality. We are convinced ... that in no social order will freedom be assured as in a society based upon communal ownership.' Thus wrote the editors of the ''Journal'' of the Communist League in 1847, under the direct influence of the founders of modern revolutionary democratic socialism, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels.}}</ref>

The cities of [[Marks, Russia]] and [[Chemnitz|Karl-Marx-Stadt, Germany]], now known as Chemnitz, were named after Marx.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2010 |title=Где находится Екатериненштадт? Города России |url=http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Ижевский новостной сайт |language=ru |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142040/http://wm-izhevsk.com/turizm/14638-gde-naxoditsya-ekaterinenshtadt-goroda-rossii.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf ''Chemnitzer Tourismus-Broschüre'', Herausgeber: City-Management und Tourismus Chemnitz GmbH, 4. Jahrgang • Ausgabe 12 • Sommer 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826225659/http://www.chemnitz-tourismus.de/cmtdaten/downloads/chemnitz_inside.pdf|date=26 August 2010}}; [http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/de/stadt_chemnitz/geschichte/stadtarchiv/downloads/q_bildarchiv.pdf O-Ton-Nachweis im Chemnitzer Stadtarchiv]{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In May 2018, to mark the bicentenary of his birth, a statue of him by leading Chinese sculptor [[Wu Weishan]] and donated by the Chinese government was unveiled in his birthplace of [[Trier]], Germany. The then-[[European Commission]] president [[Jean-Claude Juncker]] defended Marx's memory, saying that today Marx "stands for things which he is not responsible for and which he didn't cause because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite".<ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Stone |first=Jon |date=4 May 2018 |title='Today he stands for things which is he not responsible for': EU president Juncker defends Karl Marx's legacy |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005321/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/karl-marx-jean-claude-juncker-defends-legacy-a8337176.html |archive-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |title=Karl Marx statue from China adds to German angst |work=[[BBC News]] |date=5 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622182403/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44009621 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, a feature film, titled ''[[The Young Karl Marx]]'', received good reviews for both its historical accuracy and its brio in dealing with intellectual life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |title=Review: In 'The Young Karl Marx,' a Scruffy Specter Haunts Europe |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=22 February 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=6 May 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004940/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/22/movies/the-young-karl-marx-review.html |url-status=live}}</ref>