Editing Ivy League (section)

==== 21st century ====

Continuing the trajectory of the late 20th century, the number of Black students on Ivy League campuses has continued to increase in the 21st century. From 2006 to 2018, there was an approximated 50% increase in the admission of Black students into entering classes, growing from 1,110 to 1,663.<ref name="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education-2018">{{Cite journal |date=January 31, 2018 |title=Black First-Year Students at the Nation's Leading Research Universities |url=https://www.jbhe.com/2018/01/black-first-year-students-at-nations-leading-research-universities/ |journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |access-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108010025/https://www.jbhe.com/2018/01/black-first-year-students-at-nations-leading-research-universities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2018, the Ivy League universities unanimously supported Harvard University's “race-conscious admissions” model.<ref name="Franklin-2018">{{Cite news |last1=Franklin |first1=Delano R. |last2=Zwickel |first2=Samuel W. |date=July 31, 2018 |title=Top Universities Defend Harvard's Race-Conscious Admissions Policies in Court |work=The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/7/31/top-universities-defend-harvard/ |access-date=November 7, 2022 |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108003017/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/7/31/top-universities-defend-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Harvard University representatives credited this form of [[Affirmative action in the United States|affirmative action]] as one of the factors increasing campus diversity.<ref name="Franklin-2018" />

In 2014 case ''[[Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action]]'', {{ussc|572|291|2014}} — the Supreme Court upheld [[Michigan Civil Rights Initiative|Michigan's ban]] on affirmative action for public institutions and in 2016 in''[[Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)|Fisher v. University of Texas II]]'', {{ussc|docket=14-981|volume=579|date=2016}} the court upheld the university's limited use of race in admissions decisions because the university showed it had a clear goal of limited scope without other workable race-neutral means to achieve it.
However, in 2023 — ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College]]'', {{ussc|docket=20-1199|volume=600|year=2023}} the [[United States Supreme Court]] overruled the decades old decisions''Regents of University of California v. Bakke'' and ''Grutter v. Bollinger'' and other cases mentioned above in this paragraph but disallowing non-individualized racial preferences in admissions for civilian universities. 
In essence, the court interpreted the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] as not permitting Harvard's “race-conscious admissions” as the court decision now forbids the consideration of race in higher education admissions.

Institutions in favor of Harvard's model argue that in addition to academic excellence they also aim to form a diverse student body, while individuals that argue against the model state that it is discriminatory against certain applicants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Totenberg |first=Nina |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Can race play a role in college admissions? The Supreme Court hears the arguments |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/31/1131789230/supreme-court-affirmative-action-harvard-unc |access-date=2022-11-08}}</ref>

The growing Black student population in Ivy League universities in the early 2000s was accompanied by an increase in the number of Black faculty at these institutions, though rates of change among faculty have been slower and inconsistent. In 2005, 588– or about 3.9%– of the Ivies' 14,831 full-time faculty members were Black.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Faculty at the Nation's Highest-Ranked Colleges and Universities |url=https://www.jbhe.com/features/48_blackfaculty_colleges-uni.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.jbhe.com |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108003016/https://www.jbhe.com/features/48_blackfaculty_colleges-uni.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This proportion decreased to 3.4% in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lurie |first=Julia |title=Just how few college professors aren't white men? Check out these charts. |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/11/university-faculty-diversity-race-gender-charts/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211155356/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/11/university-faculty-diversity-race-gender-charts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably, in 2001, [[Ruth Simmons|Ruth J. Simmons]] became the president of Brown University, making her the first and only Black president of an Ivy League institution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-22 |title=Key Events in Black Higher Education |url=https://www.jbhe.com/chronology/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401010424/https://www.jbhe.com/chronology/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 21st century saw the continuation of demonstrations by Ivy League students revolving around race. Many of these demonstrations have sought to continue the work of their 20th century predecessors by advocating for increased admission and support of Black students. In light of the ''[[Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College]]'' Supreme Court case, students from Yale and Harvard joined other universities in protesting in defense of race-conscious admissions policies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seth |first=Anika |date=2022-10-28 |title=Yale student delegation heads to D.C. to protest in defense of affirmative action |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/10/27/yale-student-delegation-in-d-c-to-protest-in-defense-of-affirmative-action/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Yale Daily News |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175229/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/10/27/yale-student-delegation-in-d-c-to-protest-in-defense-of-affirmative-action/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lu |first1=Vivi E. |last2=Teichholtz |first2=Leah J. |date=2022-10-28 |title=Meet the Harvard Students Rallying to Save Affirmative Action |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/10/28/activists-support-affirmative-action-dc-rally/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.thecrimson.com |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118223927/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/10/28/activists-support-affirmative-action-dc-rally/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Likewise, Black students from Ivy League institutions continue to protest for the betterment of Black students' lives on campus and beyond. Following [[Shooting of Michael Brown|Michael Brown's death]] in 2014, students across the Ivies formed the Black Ivy Coalition, which included members from all eight institutions and aimed to combat anti-Black racism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wu |first=Huizhong |title=After Ferguson, black Ivy League students form civil rights coalition |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2014/09/black-ivy-coalition |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.thedp.com |language=en-us |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175234/https://www.thedp.com/article/2014/09/black-ivy-coalition |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual Ivy League universities also formed their own advocacy organizations and movements as a direct response to instances of anti-Black violence. After the murder of Michael Brown, Princeton University students formed the Black Justice League, which in 2015, occupied [[Nassau Hall]] and presented a list of demands to university administrators.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Li |first1=Ellen |last2=Farah |first2=Omar |date=2020-07-30 |title=PART I {{!}} 'Resurfacing History': A Look Back at the Black Justice League's Campus Activism |url=https://aas.princeton.edu/news/part-i-resurfacing-history-look-back-black-justice-leagues-campus-activism |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Princeton University Department of African American Studies |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175239/https://aas.princeton.edu/news/part-i-resurfacing-history-look-back-black-justice-leagues-campus-activism |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly, in 2017, Cornell students made demands to their administration protesting the assault of a Black student. Led by Black Students United, the demands included banning the [[Psi Upsilon]] fraternity for hate crimes, implementing [[implicit bias training]], and introducing policies to increase the number of Black students at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devlin |first=Tessie |title=WATCH: Black Students United delivers demands to Cornell President {{!}} The Ithacan |url=https://theithacan.org/news/breaking-black-students-united-deliver-list-of-demands-to-cornell-president/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=theithacan.org |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175228/https://theithacan.org/news/breaking-black-students-united-deliver-list-of-demands-to-cornell-president/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Student demonstrations have also focused on sparking change beyond Ivy League campuses. Following the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests in 2020, Harvard's Black Law Students Association, beyond calling for more Black faculty, [[critical race theory]] curriculum, and protection for student protestors, also called on the university to divest from prisons and denounce state-sanctioned violence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Harvard's Black Law Student Association's Letter to the Administration Regarding Black Lives |url=https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/blsa/2020/06/05/harvards-black-law-student-associations-letter-to-the-administration-regarding-black-lives/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Harvard Black Law Students Association |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207175233/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/blsa/2020/06/05/harvards-black-law-student-associations-letter-to-the-administration-regarding-black-lives/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In response to racially charged incidents across the country and prompting from student activists, Ivy League universities have removed and renamed campus landmarks. In response to the [[Black Lives Matter|2016 Black Lives Matter protests]], Cornell renamed [[Cornell Botanic Gardens|their botanical gardens]], previously called the "Cornell Plantations," to the "Cornell Botanical Gardens."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almendarez |first=Jolene |date=2016-10-31 |title=Cornell Plantations no more! University renames site 'Cornell Botanic Gardens' |url=http://ithacavoice.com/2016/10/cornell-plantations-no-university-renames-site-cornell-botanic-gardens/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=The Ithaca Voice |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215180832/https://ithacavoice.com/2016/10/cornell-plantations-no-university-renames-site-cornell-botanic-gardens/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, Brown renamed one of its largest academic and administrative buildings after its first black graduates, [[Inman E. Page]] and Ethel Tremaine Robinson.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hyde-Keller |first1=O'rya |title=Newly renamed Page-Robinson Hall will honor Brown's first black graduates |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2018-09-22/page-robinson |access-date=5 April 2023 |publisher=Brown University |date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203051203/https://www.brown.edu/news/2018-09-22/page-robinson |archive-date=3 December 2022 |location=Providence, Rhode Island |quote=To celebrate the legacies of two pioneering black graduates, Brown University will rename its J. Walter Wilson Building in recognition of Inman Edward Page and Ethel Tremaine Robinson.}}</ref> In response to the [[murder of George Floyd]] in 2020, Princeton University removed [[Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson's]] name from a residential college and the [[Princeton School of Public and International Affairs|School of Public and International Affairs]] because of his “racist thinking and policies.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=Princeton Renames Wilson School and Residential College, Citing Former President's Racism |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/article/princeton-renames-wilson-school-and-residential-college-citing-former-presidents-racism |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |language=en |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216013739/https://paw.princeton.edu/article/princeton-renames-wilson-school-and-residential-college-citing-former-presidents-racism |url-status=live }}</ref>