Editing Islamophobia (section)

===Research on Islamophobia and its correlates===
[[File:Estimated Muslim population Vs Negative attitudes towards Muslims.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|According to data by the [[Pew Research Center]] elaborated by VoxEurop, in European Union countries the negative attitude towards Muslims is inversely proportional to actual presence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ricci |first1=Alexander Damiano |title=Negative attitude towards Muslims inversely proportional to actual presence |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Negative-attitude-towards-Muslims-inversely-proportional-to-actual-presence |access-date=4 March 2019 |work=VoxEurop/EDJNet |date=11 February 2019}}</ref>]]
Various studies have been conducted to investigate Islamophobia and its correlates among majority populations and among [[Muslim]] minorities themselves. To start with, an experimental study showed that anti-Muslim attitudes may be stronger than more general [[xenophobic]] attitudes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Spruyt | first1 = B. | last2 = Elchardus | first2 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Are anti-Muslim feelings more widespread than anti-foreigner feelings? Evidence from two split-sample experiments | doi = 10.1177/1468796812449707 | journal = Ethnicities | volume = 12| issue = 6| pages = 800–20| s2cid = 145497111 | url = https://biblio.vub.ac.be/vubirfiles/68137725/Spruyt_Elchardus_ETN_2012.pdf }}</ref> Moreover, studies indicate that anti-Muslim prejudice among majority populations is primarily explained by the perception of Muslims as a cultural threat, rather than as a threat towards the respective nation's economy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = González | first1 = K. V. | last2 = Verkuyten | first2 = M. | last3 = Weesie | first3 = J. | last4 = Poppe | first4 = E. | year = 2008 | title = Prejudice Towards Muslims in The Netherlands: Testing Integrated Threat Theory | doi = 10.1348/014466608x284443| journal = The British Journal of Social Psychology | volume = 47 | issue = 4| pages = 667–85 | pmid = 18284782 | url = https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/2706988/VelascoGonzalezK-Prejudice-2008.pdf | hdl = 11370/1faf663e-15b0-4391-aac2-b3a56b417887 | s2cid = 39911409 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Savelkoul | first1 = M. | last2 = Scheepers | first2 = P. | last3 = Tolsma | first3 = J. | last4 = Hagendoorn | first4 = L. | year = 2010 | title = Anti-Muslim attitudes in the Netherlands: Tests of contradictory hypotheses derived from ethnic competition theory and intergroup contact theory | doi = 10.1093/esr/jcq035 | journal = European Sociological Review | volume = 27 | issue = 6| pages = 741–58 | hdl = 2066/99505 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schlueter | first1 = E. | last2 = Scheepers | first2 = P. | year = 2010 | title = The relationship between outgroup size and anti-outgroup attitudes: A theoretical synthesis and empirical test of group threat- and intergroup contact theory | doi = 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.07.006 | journal = Social Science Research | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 285–95 | url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/the-relationship-between-outgroup-size-and-antioutgroup-attitudes(a16d7bfe-0b28-4542-b8b1-2db75a3714e9).html | hdl = 11370/a16d7bfe-0b28-4542-b8b1-2db75a3714e9 | s2cid = 131765316 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

Studies focusing on the experience of Islamophobia among Muslims have shown that the experience of [[religious discrimination]] is associated with lower national identification and higher religious identification.<ref name=kunst2012a>{{cite journal | last1 = Kunst | first1 = J. R. | last2 = Tajamal | first2 = H. | last3 = Sam | first3 = D. L. | last4 = Ulleberg | first4 = P. | year = 2012 | title = Coping with Islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities' identity formation | doi = 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.014 | journal = International Journal of Intercultural Relations | volume = 36 | issue = 4| pages = 518–32 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/812012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Verkuyten | first1 = M. | last2 = Yildiz | first2 = A. A. | year = 2007 | title = National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims | doi = 10.1177/0146167207304276 | pmid = 17933739 | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 33 | issue = 10| pages = 1448–62 | s2cid = 24997994 | url = https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/en/publications/national-disidentification-and-ethnic-and-religious-identity(7a25d4ce-7574-47ac-aac9-ebed396dc934).html | hdl = 11370/7a25d4ce-7574-47ac-aac9-ebed396dc934 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> In other words, religious discrimination seems to lead Muslims to increase their identification with their religion and to decrease their identification with their nation of residence. Some studies further indicate that societal Islamophobia negatively influences Muslim minorities' health.<ref name=kunst2012b/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Johnston | first1 = D. | last2 = Lordan | first2 = G. | year = 2011 | title = Discrimination makes me sick! An examination of the discrimination–health relationship | doi = 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.12.002 | pmid = 22366167 | journal = Journal of Health Economics | volume = 31 | issue = 1| pages = 99–111 }}</ref> One of the studies showed that the perception of an Islamophobic society is associated with more [[psychological problem]]s, such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]] and [[Neuroticism|nervousness]], regardless whether the respective individual had personally experienced religious [[discrimination]].<ref name=kunst2012b/> As the authors of the study suggest, [[anti-discrimination law]]s may therefore be insufficient to fully protect Muslim minorities from an environment which is hostile towards their religious group.

[[Farid Hafez]] and Enes Bayrakli publish an annual [[European Islamophobia Report]] since 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamophobiaeurope.com/|title=European Islamophobia}}</ref> The European Islamophobie Report aims to enable policymakers as well as the public to discuss the issue of Islamophobia with the help of qualitative data. It is the first report to cover a wide range of Eastern European countries like Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, and Latvia. Farid Hafez is also editor of the German-English [[Islamophobia Studies Yearbook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jahrbuch-islamophobie.de/|title=Jahrbuch für Islamophobieforschung|first=Farid|last=Hafez|publisher=Islamophobieforschung|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518234202/https://jahrbuch-islamophobie.de/|url-status=dead}}</ref>