Editing Intelligence quotient (section)

==Music==
{{further|Mozart effect}}
Musical training in childhood correlates with higher than average IQ.<ref name="glenn">{{cite journal |last1=Glenn Schellenberg |first1=E. |title=Music Lessons Enhance IQ |journal=Psychological Science |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=511–514 |year=2004 |pmid=15270994 |doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x|doi-access=free |citeseerx=10.1.1.152.4349}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Glenn Schellenberg |first1=E. |title=Long-term positive associations between music lessons and IQ |journal=Journal of Educational Psychology |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=457–468 |year=2006 |doi=10.1037/0022-0663.98.2.457 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.397.5160}}</ref> However, a study of 10,500 twins found no effects on IQ, suggesting that the correlation was caused by genetic confounders.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mosing |first1=Miriam A. |last2=Madison |first2=Guy |last3=Pedersen |first3=Nancy L. |last4=Ullén |first4=Fredrik |title=Investigating cognitive transfer within the framework of music practice: genetic pleiotropy rather than causality |journal=Developmental Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=504–512 |date=1 May 2015 |doi=10.1111/desc.12306 |pmid=25939545}}</ref> A meta-analysis concluded that "Music training does not reliably enhance children and young adolescents' cognitive or academic skills, and that previous positive findings were probably due to confounding variables."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sala|first1=Giovanni |last2= Gobet|first2=Fernand|date=1 February 2017|title=When the music's over. Does music skill transfer to children's and young adolescents' cognitive and academic skills? A meta-analysis|journal=Educational Research Review |volume=20|pages=55–67|doi=10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.005|issn=1747-938X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. However, multiple attempted replications (e.g.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stough |first1=C. |last2=Kerkin |first2=B. |last3=Bates |first3=T. C. |last4=Mangan |first4=G. |year=1994 |title=Music and spatial IQ |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=17 |issue=5 |page=695 |doi=10.1016/0191-8869(94)90145-7 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222240707 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref>) have shown that this is at best a short-term effect (lasting no longer than 10 to 15 minutes), and is not related to IQ-increase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chabris |first1=C. F. |year=1999 |title=Prelude or requiem for the 'Mozart effect'? |doi=10.1038/23608 |journal=Nature |volume=400 |issue=6747 |pages=826–827 |pmid=10476958 |bibcode=1999Natur.400..826C |s2cid=898161}}</ref>