Editing Indo-Aryan languages (section)

=== Outside the Indian subcontinent ===
==== Domari ====
{{main|Domari language}}

[[Domari language|Domari]] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by older [[Dom people]] scattered across the Middle East. The language is reported to be spoken as far north as [[Azerbaijan]] and as far south as central Sudan.<ref name=Matras>*Matras, Y. (2012). ''A grammar of Domari''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton (Mouton Grammar Library).</ref>{{rp|1}} Based on the systematicity of sound changes, linguists have concluded that the ethnonyms ''Domari'' and ''[[Romani people|Romani]]'' derive from the Indo-Aryan word ''ḍom''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/whatis/language/origins.shtml|title=History of the Romani language|access-date=16 July 2016|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006040538/https://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk//whatis/language/origins.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Lomavren ====
{{main|Lomavren language}}

[[Lomavren]] is a nearly extinct [[mixed language]], spoken by the [[Lom people]], that arose from [[language contact]] between a language related to [[Romani language|Romani]] and [[Domari language|Domari]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranica.com/articles/gypsy-ii |title=GYPSY ii. Gypsy Dialects – Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100935/https://www.iranica.com/articles/gypsy-ii |archive-date=2 April 2015 }} Encyclopædia Iranica</ref> and the [[Armenian language]].

==== Parya ====
{{main|Parya language}}

[[Parya language|Parya]] is spoken in [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] by the descendants of migrants from the Indian subcontinent. The language retains many features similar to Punjabi and the Western Hindi dialects, while also bearing some influence from Tajik Persian.<ref name="tiwari">{{cite book|title=Tajuzbeki|last=Tiwari|first=Bholanath|publisher=National Publishing House|url=https://archive.org/details/Tajuzbeki-Dr.BholanathTiwari|year=1970}}</ref>

==== Romani ====
{{main|Romani language}}

The Romani language is usually included in the Western Indo-Aryan languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Romani (subgroup) |publisher=[[SIL International]] |date=n.d. |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/romani |access-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> Romani varieties, which are mainly spoken throughout Europe, are noted for their relatively conservative nature; maintaining the Middle Indo-Aryan present-tense person concord markers, alongside consonantal endings for nominal case. Indeed, these features are no longer evident in most other modern Central Indo-Aryan languages. Moreover, Romani shares an innovative pattern of past-tense person, which corresponds to Dardic languages, such as Kashmiri and Shina. This is believed to be further indication that proto-Romani speakers were originally situated in central regions of the subcontinent, before migrating to northwestern regions. However, there are no known historical sources regarding the development of the Romani language specifically within India.

Research conducted by nineteenth-century scholars Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) demonstrated that the Romani language is most aptly designated as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), as opposed to Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA); establishing that proto-Romani speakers could not have left India significantly earlier than AD 1000.

The principal argument favouring a migration during or after the transition period to NIA is the loss of the old system of nominal case, coupled with its reduction to a two-way nominative-oblique case system. A secondary argument concerns the system of gender differentiation, due to the fact that Romani has only two genders (masculine and feminine). Middle Indo-Aryan languages (named MIA) generally employed three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and some modern Indo-Aryan languages retain this aspect today.

It is suggested that loss of the neuter gender did not occur until the transition to NIA. During this process, most of the neuter nouns became masculine, while several became feminine. For example, the neuter ''aggi'' "fire" in Prakrit morphed into the feminine ''āg'' in Hindi, and ''jag'' in Romani. The parallels in grammatical gender evolution between Romani and other NIA languages have additionally been cited as indications that the forerunner of Romani remained on the Indian subcontinent until a later period, possibly as late as the tenth century.

==== Sindhic migrations ====
[[Kholosi]], [[Jadgali]], and [[Luwati]] represent offshoots of the Sindhic subfamily of Indo-Aryan that have established themselves in the [[Persian Gulf]] region, perhaps through sea-based migrations. These are of a later origin than the Rom and Dom migrations which represent a different part of Indo-Aryan as well.

==== Indentured labourer migrations ====
The use by the [[British East India Company]] of indentured labourers led to the transplanting of Indo-Aryan languages around the world, leading to locally influenced lects that diverged from the source language, such as [[Fiji Hindi]] and [[Caribbean Hindustani]].