Editing Hybrid (biology) (section)

===In animals===
{{Further|List of genetic hybrids}}

==== Mammals ====
Familiar examples of [[equid hybrid]]s are the mule, a cross between a female horse and a male donkey, and the hinny, a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Pairs of complementary types like the mule and hinny are called reciprocal hybrids.<ref name="Griesbach">{{cite journal |last1=Griesbach |first1=Robert J. |title=That Reciprocal Cross — Is It a Mule or Hinny? |url= http://www.aos.org/AOS/media/Content-Images/PDFs/Judges%20Forum/Griesbach_Robert_ThatReciprocalCross_word_.pdf |journal=Awards Quarterly |date=1986 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=149 |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170320150300/http://www.aos.org/AOS/media/Content-Images/PDFs/Judges%20Forum/Griesbach_Robert_ThatReciprocalCross_word_.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Polar bear]]s and [[brown bear]]s are another case of a hybridizing species pairs,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1216424 |title=Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal that Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage |date=2012 |last1=Hailer |first1=F. |last2=Kutschera |first2=V. E. |last3=Hallstrom |first3=B. M. |last4=Klassert |first4=D. |last5=Fain |first5=S. R. |last6=Leonard |first6=J. A. |last7=Arnason |first7=U. |last8=Janke |first8=A. |s2cid=12671275 |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6079 |pages=344–347 |pmid=22517859 |bibcode=2012Sci...336..344H |hdl=10261/58578 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and [[introgression]] among non-sister species of bears appears to have shaped the [[Ursidae]] family tree.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kutschera |first1=V. E. |last2=Bidon |first2=T. |last3=Hailer |first3=F. |last4=Rodi |first4=J. |last5=Fain |first5=S. R. |last6=Janke |first6=A. |title=Bears in a forest of gene trees: phylogenetic inference is complicated by incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=2004–2017 |date=2014 |pmid=24903145 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu186|pmc=4104321}}</ref> Among many other mammal crosses are [[hybrid camel]]s, crosses between a [[bactrian camel]] and a [[dromedary camel|dromedary]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bulliet |first=R. W. |title=The Camel and the Wheel |url= https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull |url-access=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1975 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/camelwheel0000bull/page/164 164–175] |isbn=9780674091306}}</ref> There are many examples of [[felid hybrid]]s, including the [[liger]]. The oldest-known animal hybrid bred by humans is the [[kunga (equid)|kunga]] equid hybrid produced as a draft animal and status symbol 4,500 years ago in [[Umm el-Marra]], present-day [[Syria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=Part donkey, part wild ass, the kunga is the oldest known hybrid bred by humans |url= https://www.sciencenews.org/article/kunga-donkey-wild-ass-hybrid-biology |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=Science News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Gamillo |first2=Elizabeth |title=This Ancient Wild Ass Was the Earliest Known Animal Hybrid Bred by Humans |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/ancient-mesopotamian-kungas-are-the-earliest-known-animal-hybrid-bred-by-humans-180979419/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The first known instance of hybrid speciation in marine mammals was discovered in 2014. The [[clymene dolphin]] (''Stenella clymene'') is a hybrid of two Atlantic species, the [[spinner dolphin|spinner]] and [[striped dolphin]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhanoo |first=Sindya |title=Scientists Find Rare Hybrid of Two Other Dolphin Species |url= http://nyti.ms/1aitQFT |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=20 January 2014 |date=13 January 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200529005403/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/14/science/scientists-find-rare-hybrid-of-two-other-dolphin-species.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, scientists confirmed that a skull found 30 years earlier was a hybrid between the [[beluga whale]] and [[narwhal]], dubbed the [[narluga]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kovrind |first1=Mikkel |last2=eight others |title=Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis |url= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44038-0 |url-status=live |access-date=6 June 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200611014540/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44038-0 |archive-date=11 June 2020}}</ref>

==== Birds ====
{{see also|Bird hybrid}}

Hybridization between species is common in birds. Hybrid birds are purposefully bred by humans, but hybridization is also common in the wild. [[Waterfowl]] have a particularly high incidence of hybridization, with at least 60% of species known to produce hybrids with another species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ottenburghs |first1=Jente |last2=van Hooft |first2=Pim |last3=van Wieren |first3=Sipke E. |last4=Ydenberg |first4=Ronald C. |last5=Prins |first5=Herbert H.T. |title=Hybridization in geese: a review |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |date=2016 |volume=13 |issue=20|page=20 |doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0153-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=27182276 |pmc=4866292 }}</ref> Among [[ducks]], [[Anas platyrhynchos|mallards]] widely hybridize with many other species, and the genetic relationships between ducks are further complicated by the widespread gene flow between wild and domestic mallards.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lavretsky |first1=Philip |last2=Jansen |first2=Thijs |last3=McCracken |first3=Kevin G. |title=Identifying hybrids & the genomics of hybridization: Mallards & American black ducks of Eastern North America |journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=2019 |volume=9 |issue=6|pages=3470–3490 |doi=10.1002/ece3.4981 |pmid=30962906 |pmc=6434578 |bibcode=2019EcoEv...9.3470L }}</ref>

One of the most common interspecific hybrids in [[geese]] occurs between Greylag and Canada geese ([[Anser anser]] x [[Branta canadensis]]). One potential mechanism for the occurrence of hybrids in these geese is interspecific [[nest parasitism]], where an egg is laid in the nest of another species to be raised by non-biological parents. The chick imprints upon and eventually seeks a mate among the species that raised it, instead of the species of its biological parents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ottenburghs |first1=Jente |last2=van Hooft |first2=Pim |last3=van Wieren |first3=Sipke E. |last4=Ydenberg |first4=Ronald C. |last5=Prins |first5=Herbert H.T. |title=Hybridization in geese: a review |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |date=2016 |volume=13 |issue=20|page=20 |doi=10.1186/s12983-016-0153-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=27182276 |pmc=4866292 }}</ref> 

Cagebird breeders sometimes breed bird hybrids known as [[Mule (bird)|mules]] between species of [[finch]], such as [[Carduelis|goldfinch]] × [[Domestic canary|canary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=British Mule/Hybrid |url= http://www.foreign-britishbirds.info/page12.html |publisher=Severn Counties Foreign & British Bird Society |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170505094012/http://www.foreign-britishbirds.info/page12.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Amphibians ====
Among amphibians, Japanese [[giant salamander]]s and Chinese giant salamanders have created hybrids that threaten the survival of Japanese giant salamanders because of competition for similar resources in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.amphibians.org/news/godzilla-vs-godzilla-how-the-chinese-giant-salamander-is-taking-a-toll-on-its-japanese-comic-counterpart/ |title=Godzilla vs. Godzilla—How the Chinese Giant Salamander is taking a toll on its Japanese Comic Counterpart |publisher=Amphibians.org |access-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025117/http://www.amphibians.org/news/godzilla-vs-godzilla-how-the-chinese-giant-salamander-is-taking-a-toll-on-its-japanese-comic-counterpart/ |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Fish ====
Among fish, a group of about 50 natural hybrids between [[Australian blacktip shark]] and the larger [[Blacktip shark|common blacktip shark]] was found by Australia's eastern coast in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Voloder |first=Dubravka |title=Print Email Facebook Twitter More World-first hybrid sharks found off Australia |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-03/hybrid-sharks-found-off-australia/3757226?section=nsw |access-date=5 January 2012 |newspaper=ABC News |date=3 January 1012 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105060116/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-01-03/hybrid-sharks-found-off-australia/3757226?section=nsw |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Russian sturgeon]] and [[American paddlefish]] were hybridized in captivity when sperm from the paddlefish and eggs from the sturgeon were combined, unexpectedly resulting in viable offspring. This hybrid is called a [[sturddlefish]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Annie |date=15 July 2020 |title=Scientists Accidentally Bred the Fish Version of a Liger |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/science/hybrid-sturgeon-paddlefish.html |access-date=16 July 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200716210835/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/15/science/hybrid-sturgeon-paddlefish.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Káldy |first1=Jenő |last2=Mozsár |first2=Attila |last3=Fazekas |first3=Gyöngyvér |last4=Farkas |first4=Móni |last5=Fazekas |first5=Dorottya Lilla |last6=Fazekas |first6=Georgina Lea |last7=Goda |first7=Katalin |last8=Gyöngy |first8=Zsuzsanna |last9=Kovács |first9=Balázs |last10=Semmens |first10=Kenneth |last11=Bercsényi |first11=Miklós |date=6 July 2020 |title=Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon (''Acipenser gueldenstaedtii'', Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish (''Polyodon spathula'', Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny |journal=Genes |volume=11 |issue=7 |page=753 |doi=10.3390/genes11070753 |pmid=32640744 |pmc=7397225 |issn=2073-4425 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

====Cephalochordates====
The two genera ''[[Asymmetron]]'' and ''[[Branchiostoma]]'' are able to produce viable hybrid offspring, even if none have lived into adulthood so far, despite the parents' common ancestor living tens of millions of years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=João E. |last2=Lahaye |first2=François |last3=Schubert |first3=Michael |title=Keeping amphioxus in the laboratory: an update on available husbandry methods |journal=The International Journal of Developmental Biology |date=2017 |volume=61 |issue=10–11–12 |pages=773–783 |doi=10.1387/ijdb.170192ms |pmid=29319123 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02117411/document}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yue |first1=Jia-Xing |last2=Kozmikova |first2=Iryna |last3=Ono |first3=Hiroki |last4=Nossa |first4=Carlos W. |last5=Kozmik |first5=Zbynek |last6=Putnam |first6=Nicholas H. |last7=Yu |first7=Jr-Kai |last8=Holland |first8=Linda Z. |title=Conserved Noncoding Elements in the Most Distant Genera of Cephalochordates: The Goldilocks Principle |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=12 July 2016 |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=2387–2405 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evw158 |doi-access=free |pmid=27412606 |pmc=5010895 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/8/8/2387/2198128?login=false}}</ref>

====Insects====
Among insects, so-called [[Africanized bee|killer bees]] were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both produce more honey and be better adapted to tropical conditions. It was done by crossing a [[European honey bee]] and an [[African bee]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=H. Glenn |last2=Zettel-Nalen |first2=Catherine |last3=Ellis |first3=James D. |title=African Honey Bee: What You Need to Know |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg113 |publisher=University of Florida IFAS Extension |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080623084759/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG113 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Colias eurytheme]]'' and ''[[Colias philodice|C. philodice]]'' butterflies have retained enough genetic compatibility to produce viable hybrid offspring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grula |first1=John W. |last2=Taylor |first2=Orley R. |date=1980 |title=The Effect of X-Chromosome Inheritance on Mate-Selection Behavior in the Sulfur Butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. Philodice |journal=Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=688–95 |doi=10.2307/2408022|jstor=2408022 |pmid=28563983}}</ref> Hybrid speciation may have produced the diverse ''[[Heliconius]]'' [[butterfly|butterflies]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mallet |first1=J. |last2=Beltrán |first2=M. |last3=Neukirchen |first3=W. |last4=Linares |first4=M. |date=2007 |title=Natural hybridization in heliconiine butterflies: The species boundary as a continuum |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-28 |pmid=17319954 |pmc=1821009 |bibcode=2007BMCEE...7...28M |doi-access=free}}</ref> but that is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brower |first=A. V. Z. |title=Hybrid speciation in ''Heliconius'' butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence |journal=Genetica |volume=139 |issue=2 |pages=589–609 |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10709-010-9530-4 |pmid=21113790 |pmc=3089819}}</ref>

The two closely related harvester ant species ''Pogonomyrmex barbatus'' and ''Pogonomyrmex rugosus'' have evolved to depend on hybridization. When a queen fertilizes her eggs with sperm from males of her own species, the offspring is always new queens. And when she fertilizes the eggs with sperm from males of the other species, the offspring is always sterile worker ants (and because ants are [[Haplodiploidy|haplodiploid]], unfertilized eggs become males). Without mating with males of the other species, the queens are unable to produce workers, and will fail to establish a colony of their own.<ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2014.1771 Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants]</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180px">
File:Zeedonk 800.jpg|A "[[Zebroid|zonkey]]", a zebra/donkey hybrid
File:Jaglion.jpg|A "[[jaglion]]", a jaguar/lion hybrid
File:Goldfinch Canary hybrid.JPG|A [[mule (bird)|domestic canary/goldfinch hybrid]]
</gallery>

{{Anchor|Hybrid plants}}