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====Spoken language==== The Huguenots originally spoke French on their arrival in the American colonies, but after two or three generations, they had switched to English. They did not promote French-language schools or publications and "lost" their historic identity.<ref>Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". ''South African Historical Journal'' 59.1 (2007): 79β102.</ref> In upstate New York they merged with the Dutch Reformed community and switched first to Dutch and then in the early 19th century to English.<ref>Eric J. Roth, "From Protestant International to Hudson Valley Provincial: A Case Study of Language Use and Ethnicity in New Paltz, New York, 1678β1834". ''Hudson River Valley Review'' (2005) 21#2 pp 40β55.</ref> In colonial New York City they switched from French to English or Dutch by 1730.<ref>Joyce D. Goodfriend, "The social dimensions of congregational life in colonial New York city". ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1989) 48#2: 252β278.</ref>
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