Editing History of Israel (section)

==Crusades and Mongols==
{{main|Kingdom of Jerusalem|Maimonides}}
[[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|Painting of the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege of Jerusalem]] during the [[First Crusade]] (1099)]]
In 1095, [[Pope Urban II]] called upon Christians to wage a holy war and recapture Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Responding to this call, Christians launched the [[First Crusade]] in the same year, a military campaign aimed at retaking the [[Holy Land]], ultimately resulting in the successful [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege and conquest of Jerusalem in 1099]].<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_9.html Jerusalem in the Crusader Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706075703/https://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_9.html/|date=6 July 2020}} Jerusalem: Life throughout the ages in a holy city, David Eisenstadt, March 1997</ref> In the same year, the Crusaders conquered [[Beit She'an]] and [[Tiberias]], and in the following decade, they captured coastal cities with the support of [[Italian city-states|Italian city-state]] fleets, establishing these coastal ports as crucial strongholds for Crusader rule in the region.<ref name="Grossman-2005">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=Avraham |title=Israel: People, Land, State |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=2005 |editor-last=Shinan |editor-first=Avigdor |location=Jerusalem |pages=177–197 |chapter=The Crusader Period}}</ref>

Following the First Crusade, several [[Crusader states]] were established in the Levant, with the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (''Regnum Hierosolymitanum'') assuming a preeminent position and enjoying special status among them. The population consisted predominantly of Muslims, Christians, Jews, and Samaritans, while the Crusaders remained a minority and relied on the local population who worked the soil. The region saw the construction of numerous [[List of Crusader castles|robust castles and fortresses]], yet efforts to establish permanent European villages proved unsuccessful.<ref name="Grossman-2005" />

Around 1180, [[Raynald of Châtillon]], ruler of [[Oultrejordain|Transjordan]], caused increasing conflict with the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] Sultan [[Saladin]] (Salah-al-Din), leading to the defeat of the Crusaders in the 1187 [[Battle of Hattin]] (above [[Tiberias]]). Saladin was able to peacefully take Jerusalem and conquered most of the former Kingdom of Jerusalem. Saladin's court physician was [[Maimonides]], a refugee from [[Almohad]] (Muslim) persecution in [[Córdoba, Spain]], where all non-Muslim religions had been banned.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Maimonides | title=Moses Maimonides &#124; Jewish philosopher, scholar, and physician | website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=21 May 2019 | archive-date=20 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220233251/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moses-Maimonides | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Christian world's response to the loss of Jerusalem came in the [[Third Crusade]] of 1190. After lengthy battles and negotiations, [[Richard the Lionheart]] and Saladin concluded the [[Treaty of Jaffa (1192)|Treaty of Jaffa]] in 1192 whereby Christians were granted free passage to make pilgrimages to the holy sites, while Jerusalem remained under Muslim rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |title=Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6pDwAAQBAJ&q=treaty+of+jaffa+Saladin+and+the+Fall+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&pg=PA654 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2019 |page=654 |isbn=9781440853524 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231030004/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6pDwAAQBAJ&q=treaty+of+jaffa+Saladin+and+the+Fall+of+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&pg=PA654 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1229, Jerusalem peacefully reverted into Christian control as part of a treaty between Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] and Ayyubid sultan [[al-Kamil]] that ended the [[Sixth Crusade]].<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books |id=4CBEesvW2okC |page=59 |plainurl=yes}} |title=The Patterns of War Through the Eighteenth Century|series=Midland book|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|author=Larry H. Addington|page=59 |date=1990 |isbn=9780253205513 |quote= in the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II ...concluded a treaty with the Saracens in 1229 that placed Jerusalem under Christian control but allowed Muslim and Christian alike freedom of access to the religious shrines of the city. ... Within fifteen years of Frederick's departure from the Holy Land, the Khwarisimian Turks, successors to the Seljuks, rampaged through Syria and Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 1244. (Jerusalem would not be ruled again by Christians until the British occupied it in December 1917, during World War I).|author-link=Larry H. Addington}}</ref> In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarezmian]] [[Tatars]] who decimated the city's Christian population, drove out the Jews and razed the city.<ref>''Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas'' Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 25.</ref> The Khwarezmians were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247.