Editing History of Canada (section)

==Post-war era (1945–1960)==
{{Main|History of Canada (1945–1960)}}
[[File:St. Laurent and Walsh shake hands.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent]] shakes hands with [[Albert Walsh]], after delegates from Canada and Newfoundland sign the agreement to admit the latter into Confederation]]

Prosperity returned to Canada during the Second World War and continued in the following years, with the development of [[Healthcare in Canada|universal health care]], [[Canada Pension Plan|old-age pensions]], and [[Veterans Affairs Canada|veterans' pensions]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=C.P. |last1=Stacey |first2=Richard |last2=Foot |date=May 13, 2015 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii |title=World War II: Cost and Significance|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |access-date=January 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i11/2 |title=Migration &#124; Multicultural Canada |publisher=Multicultural Canada |year=2008 |access-date=August 23, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904072655/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/i11/2 |archive-date=September 4, 2012 }}</ref> The financial crisis of the Great Depression had led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a [[Crown colony|crown colony ruled]] by a British governor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dominion of Newfoundland|url=http://fcinternet.hwdsb.on.ca/~nathan.tidridge/S010EAA85.48/Dominion%20of%20Newfoundland.pdf|publisher=Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board|year=1999|access-date=April 13, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810022941/http://fcinternet.hwdsb.on.ca/~nathan.tidridge/S010EAA85.48/Dominion%20of%20Newfoundland.pdf|archive-date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> In 1948, the British government gave voters three [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|Newfoundland Referendum]] choices: remaining a crown colony, returning to Dominion status (that is, independence), or joining Canada. The British and Canadian governments collaborated to ensure that joining the United States was not an option.<ref>Gwynne Dyer, [https://www.gov.nl.ca/publicat/royalcomm/research/Dyer.pdf "The Strategic Importance of Newfoundland and Labrador to Canada"], pp. 323–324 (research paper for the ''Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada'' (Government of Newfoundland, March, 2003).</ref> After bitter debate Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Karl Mcneil | first1 = Earle | year =1998 | title = Cousins of a Kind: The Newfoundland and Labrador Relationship with the United States | journal = American Review of Canadian Studies | volume = 28 }}</ref>

The foreign policy of [[Canada in the Cold War|Canada during the Cold War]] was closely tied to that of the United States. Canada was a founding member of [[NATO]] (which Canada wanted to be a transatlantic economic and political union as well<ref>The Economist, May 9–15, 2009, pg 80, "A 60-year-old dream
"</ref>). In 1950, Canada sent combat troops to Korea during the [[Canada in the Korean War|Korean War]] as part of the United Nations forces. The federal government's desire to assert its [[territorial claims in the Arctic]] during the Cold War manifested with the [[High Arctic relocation]], in which Inuit were moved from [[Nunavik]] (the northern third of Quebec) to barren [[Cornwallis Island (Nunavut)|Cornwallis Island]];<ref name="McGrath2009">{{cite book|first1=Melanie |last1=McGrath|title=The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7p3rBU6aDb0C|access-date=May 21, 2013|date=March 12, 2009|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-53786-7|pages=??}}</ref> this project was later the subject of a long investigation by the [[Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples) |first1=René |last1=Dussault |first2=George |last2=Erasmus |publisher=Canadian Government Publishing |year=1994 |page=190 |url=http://www.fedpubs.com/subject/aborig/arctic_reloc.htm |access-date=June 20, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001232453/http://www.fedpubs.com/subject/aborig/arctic_reloc.htm |archive-date=October 1, 2009 }}</ref>

In 1956, the [[History of United Nations peacekeeping|United Nations responded]] to the [[Suez Crisis]] by convening a [[United Nations Emergency Force]] to supervise the withdrawal of invading forces. The peacekeeping force was initially conceptualized by the Secretary of External Affairs and future Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]].<ref name=nobel>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1957/pearson.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1957 |access-date=April 12, 2010|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref> Pearson was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1957 for his work in establishing the peacekeeping operation.<ref name=nobel/>
[[File:Bomarc on launch erector.jpg|thumb|A [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] [[CIM-10 Bomarc]] missile. Acquired as an alternative to the defunct [[Avro Arrow]] program, its adoption garnered controversy given its nuclear payload.]]
Throughout the mid-1950s, prime ministers [[Louis St. Laurent]] and his successor [[John Diefenbaker]] attempted to create a new, highly advanced jet fighter, the [[Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow|Avro Arrow]].<ref name=Avro>{{cite web|title=ADA-Avro Arrow Archives-AVRO CF-105 ARROW|url=http://www.avroarrow.org/AvroArrow/index.html|publisher=Arrow Digital Archives|year=2009|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=February 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220093241/http://www.avroarrow.org/AvroArrow/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The controversial aircraft was cancelled by Diefenbaker in 1959. Diefenbaker instead purchased the [[BOMARC]] missile defence system and American aircraft. In 1958 Canada established (with the United States) the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD).<ref>{{cite web|title=North American Aerospace Defence (NORAD)|url=http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/hst/page-eng.asp?id=614|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716194409/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/v2/hst/page-eng.asp?id=614|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2012|publisher=Canada's Air Force (National Defence)|year=2009|access-date=April 13, 2010}}</ref>

There were voices on both left and right that warned against being too close to the United States. Few Canadians listened before 1957. Instead, there was wide consensus on foreign and defence policies from 1948 to 1957. Bothwell, Drummond and English state:

:That support was remarkably uniform geographically and racially, both coast to coast and among French and English. From the CCF on the left to the Social Credit on the right, the political parties agreed that NATO was a good thing, and communism a bad thing, that a close association with Europe was desirable, and that the Commonwealth embodied a glorious past.<ref name=bothwell>{{cite book|first1=Robert |last1=Bothwell |first2=Ian M. 
 |last2=Drummond |first3=John |last3=English|title=Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMaS5cb7s8QC&pg=PA131|year=1989|publisher=U of Toronto Press|page=131|isbn=9780802066725}}</ref>

However, the consensus did not last. By 1957 the Suez crisis alienated Canada from both Britain and France; politicians distrusted American leadership, businessmen questioned American financial investments; and intellectuals ridiculed the values of American television and Hollywood offerings that all Canadians watched. "Public support for Canada's foreign policy came unstuck. Foreign policy, from being a winning issue for the Liberals, was fast becoming a losing one."<ref name=bothwell/>