Editing Herbert Hoover (section)

===Civil rights and Mexican Repatriation===
{{Further|Lily-white movement|Mexican Repatriation}}
[[File:President & Mrs Hoover in Belvidere IL cph.3b12319.jpg|thumb|upright|Herbert and [[Lou Henry Hoover]] aboard a train in Illinois]]
Hoover seldom mentioned [[Civil rights movement (1896–1954)|civil rights]] while he was president. He believed that African Americans and other races could improve themselves with education and individual initiative.<ref>Lisio, Donald J. ''Hoover, Blacks, & Lily-Whites: A Study of Southern Strategies'', University of North Carolina Press, 1985 ([https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=105110361 excerpt])</ref> Hoover appointed more African Americans to federal positions than Harding and Coolidge combined, but many African American leaders condemned various aspects of the Hoover administration, including Hoover's unwillingness to push for a federal [[Anti-lynching movement|anti-lynching law]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=471–474}} Hoover also continued to pursue the lily-white strategy, removing African Americans from positions of leadership in the Republican Party in an attempt to end the Democratic Party's [[Solid South|dominance in the South]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=462–464}} Though [[Robert Russa Moton|Robert Moton]] and some other black leaders accepted the lily-white strategy as a temporary measure, most African American leaders were outraged.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=464–465}} Hoover further alienated black leaders by nominating conservative Southern judge [[John J. Parker]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]; Parker's nomination ultimately failed in the Senate due to opposition from the [[NAACP]] and organized labor.{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=465–467}} Many black voters switched to the Democratic Party in the 1932 election, and African Americans would later become an important part of Franklin Roosevelt's [[New Deal coalition]].{{sfn|Garcia 1980|pp=476–477}}

As part of his efforts to limit unemployment, Hoover sought to cut [[immigration to the United States]], and in 1930 he promulgated an executive order requiring individuals to have employment before migrating to the United States.{{sfn|Rappleye|2016|p=247}} The Hoover Administration began a campaign to prosecute [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigrants in the United States]], which most strongly affected [[Mexican Americans]], especially those living in [[Southern California]].{{sfn|Hoffman 1973|pp=206–207}} The federal government also supported the Mexican repatriation which saw anywhere from 300,000 to two million Mexicans and Mexican Americans repatriated, deported, or expelled to Mexico during the 1930s primarily during Hoover's term. Forty to sixty percent of them were [[Citizenship of the United States|American citizens]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Byza6YM2bukC|title=The Praeger Handbook of Latino Education in the U.S.|last=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|date=January 1, 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313338304|editor-last=Soto|editor-first=Lourdes Diaz|pages=400–403|language=en|chapter=Repatriation of Mexicans from the US}}</ref><ref name="gratton">{{cite news|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/102163/imre12054.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950|last1=Gratton|first1=Brian|last2=Merchant |first2=Emily|date=December 2013|pages=944–975|publisher=The International migration review|issue=4|volume=47}}</ref>{{sfn|Johnson 2005|p=4–5}} While the federal government encouraged repatriations, they were largely organized by state and local authorities with support from private entities. The Hoover administration deported 34,000 people to Mexico between 1930 to 1933. It was however more common for people to repatriate voluntarily.{{sfn|Hoffman 1973|pp=208, 217–218}}<ref name="gratton" /> Some scholars argue that the mass repatriations was a policy of Hoover's administration.<ref name="gratton" /> According to legal professor Kevin R. Johnson, the repatriation campaign meets the modern legal standards of [[ethnic cleansing]], as it involved the forced removal of a racial minority by government actors.{{sfn|Johnson 2005|p=6}}

Hoover reorganized the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] to limit exploitation of Native Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2016 |title=The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2004/summer/hoover-1.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=National Archives}}</ref>