Editing Haarlem (section)

==Religion==
{{More citations needed|date=May 2018}}
[[File:HaarlemOrgel.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pipe organ]] at Haarlem's [[Sint-Bavokerk]]. [[Mozart]] once played this organ.]]
Haarlem has had a Christian parish church since the 9th century. This first church was a "daughter church" of [[Velsen]], which itself was founded in 695 by [[St. Willibrord]]. It was a wooden church at the site of the current [[Grote Kerk, Haarlem|Grote Kerk]] on the [[Grote Markt, Haarlem|Grote Markt]] (central market square). Haarlem was granted its first known [[indulgence]] by [[Clement V]] in 1309, during the [[Avignon Papacy]]. In 1245 Haarlem received city rights as a result of population growth and the church was expanded. Later, after the fires of 1347 and 1351, Haarlem was again granted a [[Portiuncula]] indulgence in 1397 for funding to rebuild the church. This indulgence would be used again and again over the centuries to fund expansion and restoration activities.

Having been granted papal rights from Avignon was perhaps the reason that the ties to Rome were never very strong in Haarlem, since the building most commonly called the Cathedral in the centre of town only held a cathedra for 19 years, from 1559 to 1578. This [[Grote Kerk, Haarlem|Grote Kerk or Sint-Bavokerk]] was originally a parish church devoted to the [[Virgin Mary]], but was later named after the [[patron saint]] of Haarlem, [[Saint Bavo]], who descended from Heaven regularly to free the Haarlemmers from invaders, most recently when the Kennemers and West-Friesians attacked in 1274. This is allegedly how the Haarlem war cry "Sint Bavo voor Haarlem" originated, which was used during the siege against the Spaniards in 1572 that eventually resulted in an underground cathedra called the Sint Josephstatie, on the Goudsmitsplein.
[[File:St.Bavo saves Haarlem 1673.jpg|right|thumb|[[Saint Bavo]] saves Haarlem from the Kennemers. Dated 1673 but showing legend from 1274. In the background the [[Sint-Bavokerk]] (Grote Kerk) can be seen.]]
[[File:Kathedraal St. Bavo, Leidsevaart, Haarlem.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cathedral of Saint Bavo]]]]
The Roman Catholic parish of Haarlem became a [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam|Diocese]] in 1559 (Dioecesis Harlemensis) and the first bishop of Haarlem was [[Nicolaas van Nieuwland]] (born in 1510). He accepted the position on 6 November 1561. In 1569 he was advised to resign by the [[Duke of Alva]], because of his reputation for drinking (Dronken Klaasje). He had a good reason to drown his sorrows, because he feared the Catholic Spanish invaders as much as the native Dutch reformers. The Grote Kerk was initially spared from [[iconoclasm]], because the city's mayor ordered the closing of the church for several months in 1566. That gave the various groups in Haarlem the time to quietly remove many of the treasures from the church and stash them safely in underground chapels. All symbols and statues linked to the Roman Catholic faith were removed from the cathedral. Since many groups already had their own chapels in the Grote Kerk, this was conducted in an orderly way. However, after the [[siege of Haarlem]] was lost, the Spanish army restored Roman Catholic iconography. The guilds had to restore their old altars, at great expense. Since Haarlem was quite poor after the siege, this led to many of the chapels and other Catholic churches being abandoned and used for other purposes. The [[Bakenesserkerk]], where 1500 soldiers were held before being killed by the Spanish after their victory, was used to store turf for fifty years.

Van Nieuwland was succeeded by [[Godfried van Mierlo]], who was the last bishop in communion with Rome Haarlem would know for 300 years. In 1578 after the Spanish were defeated, the church was attacked on Sacrament day (29 May), this time by soldiers of the [[William the Silent|Prince of Orange]]. One of the priests was killed, and many objects in the church were destroyed. This event, called the Haarlemse Noon, forced the bishop to flee the city. Many treasures were still safe 500 yards away in the underground Catholic church. The city council confiscated the Sint Bavo Kerk and all of its daughter churches, and later converted them along the tenets of the Evangelical [[Reformed Church]]. The new (and current) name became Grote Kerk. Old Catholics and the Lutherans, though unofficially tolerated, went underground. Both Protestants and Catholics alike felt that when all political unrest had subsided, the Catholics could regain control of "their" church. However, the Dutch Protestants had also removed all Catholics from local government and feared that they would have to pay damages to the Catholics if they were allowed their own churches again. 

In the 19th century, all over the Netherlands, new Catholic churches were subsidised, called Waterboard churches, for their similarity to Waterboard pump stations (they were designed by the same architect in [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-classical]] style), and in Haarlem they built the St. Joseph kerk in the Jansstraat in 1841. It was not until 1853 that a new Roman Catholic bishop was installed in the St. Joseph kerk. As this church grew, a new cathedral, again called the [[Cathedral of Saint Bavo]], was built at the Leidsevaart (canal to Leiden) in 1898. The Bishop of Haarlem has a formal residence on the Nieuwe Gracht canal.

There is also an [[Old Catholic]] bishop of Haarlem.

There is still a small Jewish community with their own synagogue.

The [[Frans Hals Museum]], which was the Haarlem municipal museum, has still in its collection today many pieces confiscated from the churches during the Haarlemse Noon.