Editing Guild (section)

=== North America ===
In the [[United States]] guilds exist in several fields. Often, they are better characterized as a [[labor union]] — for example, [[The Newspaper Guild]] is a labor union for journalists and other newspaper workers, with over 30,000 members in North America.

In the film and television industry, guild membership is generally a prerequisite for working on major productions in certain capacities. The [[Screen Actors Guild]], [[Directors Guild of America]], [[Writers Guild of America, East]], [[Writers Guild of America, West]] and other profession-specific guilds have the ability to exercise strong control in the [[cinema of the United States]] as a result of a rigid system of [[intellectual-property]] rights and a history of power-brokers also holding guild membership (e.g., [[DreamWorks Pictures]] founder [[Steven Spielberg]] was, and is, a DGA member). These guilds maintain their own contracts with production companies to ensure a certain number of their members are hired for roles in each film or television production, and that their members are paid a minimum of guild "scale," along with other labor protections. These guilds set high standards for membership, and exclude professional actors, writers, etc. who do not abide by the strict rules for competing within the film and television industry in America.

Real-estate brokerage offers an example of a modern American guild system. Signs of guild behavior in real-estate brokerage include: standard pricing (6% of the home price), strong affiliation among all practitioners, self-regulation (see [[National Association of Realtors]]), strong cultural identity (the Realtor brand), little price variation with quality differences, and traditional methods in use by all practitioners. In September 2005 the U.S. Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against the National Association of Realtors, challenging NAR practices that (the DOJ asserted) prevent competition from practitioners who use different methods. The DOJ and the Federal Trade Commission in 2005 advocated against state laws, supported by NAR, that disadvantage new kinds of brokers.<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/atr/case/us-v-national-association-realtors |title=U.S. v. National Association of Realtors |date=25 June 2015 |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> ''U.S. v. National Assoc. of Realtors'', Civil Action No. 05C-5140 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 7, 2005).

The practice of law in the United States also exemplifies modern guilds at work. Every state maintains its own [[bar association]], supervised by that state's highest court. The court decides the criteria for entering and staying in the legal profession. In most states, every attorney must become a member of that state's bar association in order to practice law. State laws forbid any person from engaging in the unauthorized practice of law and practicing attorneys are subject to rules of professional conduct that are enforced by the state's supreme court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulation of the legal profession in the United States: overview |url=http://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-633-6340?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Practical Law |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013160115/https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-633-6340?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

Medical associations comparable to guilds include the state Medical Boards, the [[American Medical Association]], and the [[American Dental Association]]. Medical licensing in most states requires specific training, tests and years of low-paid apprenticeship (internship and residency) under harsh working conditions. Even qualified international or out-of-state doctors may not practice without acceptance by the local medical guild (Medical board). Similarly, nurses and physicians' practitioners have their own guilds. A doctor cannot work as a physician's assistant unless (s)he separately trains, tests and apprentices as one.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Understanding Health Policy: A Clinical Approach |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2020| editor-last=Bodenheimer |editor-first=Thomas |edition=8 |pages=4 |chapter=The health care workforce and the education of health professionals.|editor-last2=Grumbach |editor-first2=Kevin}}</ref>