Editing Greeks (section)

===Science===
{{see also|Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek mathematics|Ancient Greek medicine|Byzantine science|Greek scholars in the Renaissance|List of Greek inventions and discoveries}}
[[File:Aristarchus working.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aristarchus of Samos]] was the first known individual to propose a [[heliocentrism|heliocentric system]], in the 3rd century BC.]]
The Greeks of the Classical and Hellenistic eras made seminal contributions to science and philosophy, laying the foundations of several western scientific traditions, such as [[Greek astronomy|astronomy]], [[geography]], [[historiography]], [[Greek mathematics|mathematics]], [[Greek medicine|medicine]], [[Greek philosophy|philosophy]] and [[political science]]. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in [[Constantinople]], [[Antioch]], [[Alexandria]] and other centers of Greek learning, while Byzantine science was essentially a continuation of classical science.<ref>{{cite web|title=Byzantine Medicine — Vienna Dioscurides|work=Antiqua Medicina|year=2007|publisher=University of Virginia|access-date=10 May 2016|url=http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/antiqua/byzantine/|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010080300/http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/antiqua/byzantine|url-status=dead}}</ref> Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in ''paideia'' (education).<ref name=Harris/> ''Paideia'' was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the [[Fall of Constantinople|city's fall]] to the Ottomans in 1453.<ref name=Bump>{{cite web|last=Bump|first=Jerome|title=The Origin of Universities (University of Magnaura in Constantinople)|access-date=19 December 2008|work=The Origin of Universities|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2009|url=http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220164836/http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html}}</ref> The [[University of Constantinople]] was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught,<ref>{{harvnb|Tatakes|Moutafakis|2003|p=189}}.</ref> and considering the original meaning of the word university as a corporation of students, the world's first university as well.<ref name=Bump/>

As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education.<ref name=EconWorld/> Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names.<ref>{{cite news|title=University reforms in Greece face student protests|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 July 2006|access-date=19 December 2008|url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archive-date=7 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061901/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable Greek scientists of modern times include: physician [[Georgios Papanikolaou|Georgios Papanicolaou]] (pioneer in [[cytopathology]], inventor of the [[Pap test]]); mathematician [[Constantin Carathéodory]] (acclaimed contributor to real and complex analysis and the calculus of variations); archaeologists [[Manolis Andronikos]] (unearthed the tomb of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]), [[Valerios Stais]] (recognised the [[Antikythera mechanism]]), [[Spyridon Marinatos]] (specialised in [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] sites) and [[Ioannis Svoronos]]; chemists [[Leonidas Zervas]] (of [[Bergmann-Zervas carbobenzoxy method|Bergmann-Zervas synthesis]] and [[Z-group]] discovery fame), [[K. C. Nicolaou]] (first total synthesis of [[Paclitaxel|taxol]]) and [[Panayotis Katsoyannis]] (first chemical synthesis of [[insulin]]); computer scientists [[Michael Dertouzos]] and [[Nicholas Negroponte]] (known for their early work with the [[World Wide Web]]), [[John Argyris]] (co-creator of the [[Finite element method|FEM]]), [[Joseph Sifakis]] (2007 [[Turing Award]]), [[Christos Papadimitriou]] (2002 [[Knuth Prize]]) and [[Mihalis Yannakakis]] (2005 [[Knuth Prize]]); physicist-mathematician [[Demetrios Christodoulou]] (renowned for work on [[Minkowski spacetime]]) and physicists [[Achilles Papapetrou]] (known for solutions of [[general relativity]]), [[Dimitri Nanopoulos]] (extensive work on particle physics and cosmology), and [[John Iliopoulos]] (2007 [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|Dirac Prize]] for work on the [[charm quark]]); astronomer [[E. M. Antoniadi|Eugenios Antoniadis]]; biologist [[Fotis Kafatos]] (contributor to [[cDNA]] cloning technology); botanist [[Theodoros G. Orphanides|Theodoros Orphanides]]; economist [[Xenophon Zolotas]] (held various senior posts in international organisations such as the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]); Indologist [[Dimitrios Galanos]]; linguist [[Ioannis Psycharis|Yiannis Psycharis]] (promoter of [[Demotic Greek]]); historians [[Constantine Paparrigopoulos]] (founder of modern Greek historiography) and [[Helene Ahrweiler|Helene Glykatzi Ahrweiler]] (excelled in [[Byzantine studies]]); and political scientists [[Nicos Poulantzas]] (a leading [[Structural Marxism|Structural Marxist]]) and [[Cornelius Castoriadis]] (philosopher of history and ontologist, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst).

Significant engineers and automobile designers include [[Nikolas Tombazis]], [[Alec Issigonis]] and [[Andreas Zapatinas]].