Editing Fuel injection (section)

=== 1980s–present: digital electronics and common-rail injection===
Prior to 1979, the electronics in fuel injection systems used [[analogue electronics]] for the control system. The [[Motronic|Bosch Motronic]] multi-point fuel injection system (also amongst the first systems where the [[ignition system]] is controlled by the same device as the fuel injection system) was the first mass-produced system to use [[digital electronics]]. The [[Ford EEC#EEC-III|Ford EEC-III]] single-point fuel injection system, introduced in 1980, was another early digital fuel injection system.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Consumers/Corporate/US-EN/_Documents/Motorola_History_Timeline.pdf |title=A Timeline Overview of Motorola History 1928-2009 |publisher=Motorola |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110620224820/http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Consumers/Corporate/US-EN/_Documents/Motorola_History_Timeline.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-20 |access-date=2014-01-20}}</ref><ref name="von Fersen_262">Olaf von Fersen (ed.): ''Ein Jahrhundert Automobiltechnik. Personenwagen'', VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1986, {{ISBN|978-3-642-95773-4}}. p. 262</ref> These and other electronic manifold injection systems (using either [[#Multi-point injection|port injection]] or [[#Single-point injection|throttle-body injection]]) became more widespread through the 1980s, and by the early 1990s they had replaced carburettors in most new petrol-engined cars sold in developed countries.

The aforementioned injection systems for petrol passenger car engines{{dash}}except for the 1954–1959 ''Mercedes-Benz 300&nbsp;SL''{{dash}}all used [[#Manifold injection|manifold injection]] (i.e. the injectors located at the intake ports or throttle body, instead of inside the combustion chamber). This began to change when the first mass-produced [[petrol direct injection]] system for passenger cars was a [[common rail]] system introduced in the 1997 [[Mitsubishi_6G7_engine#6G74|Mitsubishi 6G74]] V6 engine.<ref>Richard van Basshuysen (ed.): ''Ottomotor mit Direkteinspritzung und Direkteinblasung: Ottokraftstoffe, Erdgas, Methan, Wasserstoff'', 4th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, {{ISBN|978-3-658-12215-7}}, p. 138</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mitsubishi Motors Adds World First V6 3.5-liter GDI Engine to Ultra-efficiency GDI Series |url= http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html |website=mitsubishi-motors.com |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091001184522/http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail215.html |archive-date=1 October 2009 }} [https://www.3si.org/threads/direct-gas-injection-any-one-tried.477519/ Alt URL]</ref> The first common-rail system for a passenger car diesel engine was the [[Fiat_JTD_engine#1.9|Fiat Multijet]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Fiat_JTD_engine#1.9|reason= The anchor (1.9) [[Special:Diff/1231054680|has been deleted]].}} straight-four engine,<ref>Günter P. Merker, Rüdiger Teichmann (ed.): Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren – Funktionsweise · Simulation · Messtechnik, 7th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-658-03194-7}}, p. 179</ref> introduced in the 1999 ''Alfa Romeo 156 1.9 JTD'' model. Since the 2010s, many petrol engines have switched to direct-injection (sometimes in combination with separate manifold injectors for each cylinder). Similarly, many modern diesel engines use a common-rail design.

[[Stratified charge]] injection was used in several petrol engines in the early 2000s, such as the [[List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines#1.4_R4:_FSI_63-77kW|Volkswagen 1.4 FSI engine]] introduced in 2000. However, the stratified charge systems were largely no longer in use by the late 2010s, due to increased exhaust emissions of NOx gasses and particulates, along with the increased cost and complexity of the systems.