Editing Flémalle (section)

== Location ==
[[File:Régions naturelles de Belgique.png|thumb|The natural regions in Belgium. In pink, the [[Hesbaye]]; in light green, the [[Condroz]]. Flémalle is located along the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] in the [[urban agglomeration]] of [[Liège]]. Ardenne-Condroz region is also found in Flémalle.]]
The municipality is located in the east of Belgium, west of Liège, along the Meuse communication axis between France and Germany and between southern and northern Europe. Indeed, at the far north is the [[European route E42]] and the Loncin interchange, located in the municipality of [[Ans, Belgium|Ans]] as well as [[Liège Airport]], one of the most important freight airports in [[Western European Union|Western Europe]]. Situated along the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]], it acts as a buffer municipality between the Meuse valley and the [[Hesbaye]] to the north and the [[Condroz]] to the south.

In [[orthodromic distance]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ORTHODROMIC DISTANCE CALCULATOR |url=http://michel.lalos.free.fr/cadrans_solaires/outils_gno/Calc_Loxo_Orthodromie_Modeles_ml.html |website=michel.lalos.free.fr |access-date=2021-02-23}}.</ref> it is 10.2&nbsp;km from Liège (the capital of the [[Province of Liège]]), 43 km from [[Namur]] (the capital of [[Wallonia]]), 81.5&nbsp;km from [[Brussels]] (the capital of [[Belgium]]), 24.1&nbsp;km from the [[Netherlands]] ([[Eijsden]]), 44.1&nbsp;km from the [[tripoint]] of Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands ("Les Trois Bornes"), 60.3&nbsp;km from [[Luxembourg|the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] ([[Troisvierges]]), 65.1&nbsp;km from France ([[Givet]]), and 172.5&nbsp;km from the Belgian coast ([[Knokke-Heist]]).

{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | header = Map representations of the municipality | total_width = 600 | caption_align = center | image1 =Flémalle OSM.png | caption1 = OpenStreetMap map | image2 =Flémalle OSM Topo.png | caption2 = Topographic map of the Flémalle region}}

=== Bordering municipalities ===


{| align="center" border="2" width="40%"
| align="center" width="30%" |
| align="center" width="40%" |''North:'' [[Grâce-Hollogne]]
| align="center" width="30%" |
|-
| align="center" width="30%" |''West:'' [[Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse]]
| align="center" width="40%" |[[File:Rosa_de_los_vientos.svg|75x75px]]
| align="center" width="30%" |''East:'' [[Seraing]]
|-
| align="center" width="30%" |''Southwest:'' [[Engis]]
| align="center" width="40%" |''South:'' [[Neupré]]
| align="center" width="10%" |⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
|}

=== Geology and relief ===
{{Main|Geology of Belgium}}
[[File:090416 Chokier 3.jpg|thumb|The Chokier castle on its promontory.|left]]
The municipality is marked by the Midi Fault (in Belgium, it is called the Sambre and Meuse fault), which is a geological rupture line that appeared in the [[Paleozoic era]]. The Eifelian fault, also known as the Midi fault, passes through Flémalle, as designated by Malherbe from Clermont-sous-Huy to [[Angleur]].<ref group="B">{{cite book|language=French|last=Malherbe R|title=The Coal System of the Province of Liège|publisher=Unpublished|series=Mémoires de l'Académie royale de Belgique|date=1863|pages=222}}</ref> This fault, still active today, caused the [[1983 Liège earthquake|Liège earthquake]] on 8 November 1983.<ref group="B">Jongmans, Denis Campillo, Michel Revista; "Influence of the source and geological structure on the nature of the damage during the Liège earthquake of November 8, 1983"; ''Bulletin de la Société géologique de France'', Paris, 1989, 5(4), series 8; pp. 849–857</ref> Thus, the highway to the north of the territory, as well as most of the area and the surrounding agglomerations, such as Liège, Seraing, and Engis, are located on this fault.

The fault shapes the municipality's relief, with strong urbanized areas above the cliffs created by the fault, such as Les Trixhes, and also below, with the center of Flémalle. This fault was long exploited by various quarries. Those located behind the village of [[Chokier]] gave birth to the "Aux Roches" nature reserve. The municipality's altitude ranges from a minimum of 62 m (along the Meuse) to a maximum of 238 m (in the extreme south of the municipality).<ref>{{Cite web |language=fr |title=Topographic map Flémalle, altitude, relief |url=https://fr-be.topographic-map.com/maps/7ex/Fl%C3%A9malle/ |website=topographic-map.com |access-date=2021-02-23}}.</ref> Although the south is higher than the north, it is in the north that the fault is most noticeable, notably with the [[Chokier Castle]], which is perched on a [[promontory]]. Along the Meuse, the terrain is flat, while to the north, the terrain is hilly, particularly in [[Awirs]] with the stream; the south experiences a constant elevation rise.

=== Hydrography ===
[[File:090917-AIDE-Herstal-Station de pompage N1.jpg|thumb|Pumping station No.&nbsp;1 in [[Herstal]], similar to the old stations located on the left bank of the Meuse in Flémalle.|left]]
Flémalle is part of the Lower Meuse sub-basin. The municipality has only one navigable waterway, the Meuse, which traverses the municipality from west to east over a length of 7,646 meters. It has seven main watercourses (excluding the Meuse, these are the Awirs, Ville-en-Cours, Neuville, Pré Renard, Broussou, Bailesse, and Croisette) with a total length of 27,051 meters. The municipality has 4% of its territory designated as [[Floodplain|flood zones]], of which only 2.7% are at high flood risk.<ref name="2010_Service_publique_Wallonie">{{cite magazine |language=French |title=Environmental Report |periodical=Public Service of Wallonia |date=2010 }}</ref>

The organization managing the municipality's sanitation services is the Association intercommunale pour le démergement et l'épuration (AIDE). In 2008, 77% of the population's [[domestic wastewater]] was not treated by a public [[Wastewater treatment|treatment plant]]. In the same year, the municipality had a sewer network 158.24&nbsp;km long.<ref name="2010_Service_publique_Wallonie" />

In 2017, AIDE requested a budget from SPGE (the Public Water Management Company) for a study on the climate resilience of structures located on the left bank of the Meuse, including pumping stations No.&nbsp;1 and No.&nbsp;3 in Flémalle, which are old.<ref>{{cite magazine |language=French |title=Approval of the evaluation of the 2017–2019 Strategic Plan |periodical=Intermunicipal Association for Flood Control and Wastewater Treatment of the Province of Liège |date=19 December 2016 }}</ref>

Since the winter of 1977–1978, there has been a gradual rise in the water table related to the post-coal mining era in the province of Liège. Flémalle and other municipalities along the Meuse with a mining history are affected by this phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flood control system |url=https://www.aide.be/demergement/dispositif-de-demergement |website=aide.be |access-date=2021-04-23}}.</ref>

==== Islands ====
Before the construction of the [[Wharf|quays]] along the Meuse in 1937, numerous islands of varying sizes were scattered throughout the river. These islands once formed the "''Chokier bottleneck''",<ref group="B" name=":1">{{cite book|date=November 2011 |language=fr |page=13 |publisher=Commission Historique de Flémalle |title=Pro Justitia au code forestier – Ramet-Yvoz 1920–1942}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> a challenging section for both upstream and downstream navigation. Before the development works, archaeological remains were found, including [[gladius|gladii]], [[funerary urn]]s, and [[coin]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Vie à Flémalle: Les Iles|url=http://kiminvati.com/paysdemeuse/Pages/ZDIV7AC3A3.php |website=kiminvati.com |access-date=2021-02-23}}.</ref> Some of the islands included Rensonnet, Champs de Bures, Trou des Veaux, Avocat, and one near Ivoz.<ref group="B" name=":1" /> There were no bridges connecting the shores, so crossing the river was done by boat.

=== Climate ===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger classification]], Flémalle's climate is of type Cfb. On average, the temperature is 10.2&nbsp;°C. However, attention should be paid to the municipality's morphology. The Meuse valley is at a lower altitude than the northern and southern parts of the municipality, which means that during moderate snow periods, snow falls across most of the territory except in the center, that is, along the Meuse where it is warmer.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Climat Flémalle: Pluviométrie et Température moyenne Flémalle, diagramme ombrothermique pour Flémalle - Climate-Data.org |url=https://fr.climate-data.org/europe/belgique/wallonie/flemalle-50840/ |website=fr.climate-data.org |access-date=2021-02-23}}.</ref>

On average, April is the driest month, with 65 mm of precipitation, while December is the wettest with an average of 99 mm. The temperature curve inversely follows the precipitation curve, with a slight delay. Thus, July is generally the warmest month with an average temperature of 18.1&nbsp;°C, and the coldest is January with an average temperature of 2.6&nbsp;°C.<ref name=":2" /> On average, it rains 10 days per month in the municipality, slightly more than in Liège.

{{Weather box
| location = Flémalle
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan high C = 4.9
| Feb high C = 5.9
| Mar high C = 9.7
| Apr high C = 13.8
| May high C = 17.3
| Jun high C = 20.4
| Jul high C = 22.2
| Aug high C = 21.7
| Sep high C = 18.6
| Oct high C = 14.3
| Nov high C = 9.1
| Dec high C = 5.7
| Jan mean C = 2.6
| Feb mean C = 2.9
| Mar mean C = 5.8
| Apr mean C = 9.4
| May mean C = 13.2
| Jun mean C = 16.3
| Jul mean C = 18.1
| Aug mean C = 17.7
| Sep mean C = 14.7
| Oct mean C = 11.1
| Nov mean C = 6.7
| Dec mean C = 3.5
| Jan low C = 0.4
| Feb low C = 0.2
| Mar low C = 2
| Apr low C = 4.8
| May low C = 8.7
| Jun low C = 11.6
| Jul low C = 13.8
| Aug low C = 13.5
| Sep low C = 11
| Oct low C = 8.2
| Nov low C = 4.4
| Dec low C = 1.4
| Jan precipitation mm = 87
| Feb precipitation mm = 77
| Mar precipitation mm = 78
| Apr precipitation mm = 65
| May precipitation mm = 72
| Jun precipitation mm = 83
| Jul precipitation mm = 84
| Aug precipitation mm = 87
| Sep precipitation mm = 72
| Oct precipitation mm = 71
| Nov precipitation mm = 82
| Dec precipitation mm = 99
| Jan humidity = 85
| Feb humidity = 83
| Mar humidity = 78
| Apr humidity = 72
| May humidity = 72
| Jun humidity = 72
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 74
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 81
| Nov humidity = 87
| Dec humidity = 86
|date=August 2024}}