Editing First Crusade (section)

===The 19th and 20th centuries===

Early in the 19th century, the monumental ''Histoire des Croisades''<ref name="Michaud-1841">Michaud, J. Fr. (Joseph Fr.). (1841). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008232607/Home Histoire des croisades]. 6. éd. Paris.</ref> was published by the French historian [[Joseph François Michaud]].<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Michaud, Joseph François|Michaud, Joseph François]]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''18''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 361.</ref> under the editorship of [[Jean Joseph François Poujoulat|Jean Poujoulat]]. This provided a major new narrative based on original sources and was translated into English as ''The History of the Crusades''.<ref name="Michaud-1881">Michaud, J. Fr., Robson, W. (1881). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006664455/Home The history of the crusades]. New ed. London.</ref> The work covers the First Crusade and its causes, and the crusades through 1481. French historian Jean-François-Aimé Peyré expanded Michaud's work on the First Crusade with his ''Histoire de la Première Croisade'', a 900-page, two-volume set with extensive sourcing.<ref>Peyré, J. F. A. (1859). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005872844/Home Histoire de la première croisade]. Paris.</ref>

The English school of Crusader historians included [[Charles Mills (historian)|Charles Mills]]<ref>Goodwin, Gordon (1894). "[[wikisource:Mills, Charles (DNB00)|Mills, Charles]]" . In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''37'''. London. p. 444.</ref> who wrote ''[[History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land]]'',<ref>Mills, C. (1822). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000631401/Home ''The history of the crusades for the recovery and possession of the Holy Land'']. 3d ed. London.</ref> a complete history of nine Crusades, disparaging Gibbon's work as superficial. [[Henry Stebbing (editor)|Henry Stebbings]]<ref>Courtney, William Prideaux (1898). "[[wikisource:Stebbing, Henry (1799-1883) (DNB00)|Stebbing, Henry (1799–1883)]]" . In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''54'''. London. pp. 124–125.</ref> wrote his ''History of Chivalry and the Crusades'',<ref>Stebbing, H. (1830). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000631885/Home ''The history of chivalry and the crusades'']. Edinburgh.</ref> a discussion of chivalry and history of the first seven Crusades. [[Thomas Andrew Archer|Thomas Archer]] and [[Charles Lethbridge Kingsford|Charles Kingsford]] wrote ''The Crusades: The Story of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem'', rejecting the idea that the [[Fourth Crusade]] and the [[Albigensian Crusade]] should be designated as crusades.<ref name="Archer-1904">Archer, T. Andrew; Kingsford, C. Lethbridge. (1904). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630931/Home ''The crusades: The story of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem'']. New York.</ref>

The German school of Crusaders was led by [[Friedrich Wilken|Friederich Wilken]],<ref>Stoll, A.  (1898). "[https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz97946.html#adbcontent Friedrich Wilken]". In ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'' (ADB). '''43.''' Berlin.</ref> whose ''Geschichte der Kreuzzüge''<ref>Wilken, F. (1807–1832). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000672276/Home Geschichte der Kreuzzüge nach morgenländischen und abendländischen Berichten]. Leipzig.</ref> was a complete history of the Crusades, based on Western, Arabic, Greek and Armenian sources. Later, [[Heinrich von Sybel]],<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sybel, Heinrich von|Sybel, Heinrich von]]" . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''26''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 275–276.</ref> who studied under [[Leopold von Ranke]] (the father of modern source-based history) challenged the work of William of Tyre as being secondary. His ''Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges''<ref>Sybel, H. von. (1841). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006568938/Home Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs]. Düsseldorf.</ref> was a history of the First Crusade and contains a full study of the authorities for the First Crusade, and was translated to ''History and Literature of the Crusades''<ref name="Sybel-1861" /> by English author [[Lucie, Lady Duff-Gordon]].<ref>George Clement Boase (1890). "[[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gordon, Lucie|Gordon, Lucie]]". In ''Dictionary of National Biography''. '''22'''. London. p. 220.</ref>

The greatest German historian of the Crusades was then [[Reinhold Röhricht]]. His histories of the First Crusade, ''Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges'',<ref>Röhricht, R. (1901). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000632839/Home Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges]. Innsbruck.</ref> and of the kings of Jerusalem, ''Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem'',<ref>Röhricht, R. (1898). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005872855/Home Geschichte des königreichs Jerusalem (1100–1291)]. Innsbruck.</ref> laid the foundation of all modern crusade research.<ref name="La Monte-1940">La Monte, J. (1940). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849087?refreqid=excelsior%3A07436ca71c747e4301c1daba43c0f216&seq=1 Some Problems in Crusading Historiography]. Speculum, 15(1), 57–75.</ref> His ''Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae''<ref>Röhricht, R. (1890). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012372568/Home Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae]. Berlin: H. Reuther.</ref> summarizes over 3500 books on the geography of the Holy Land, providing a valuable resource for historians. Röhricht's colleague [[Heinrich Hagenmeyer]] wrote ''Peter der Eremite'',<ref>Hagenmeyer, H. (1879). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005872824/Home Peter der Eremite]. Leipzig.</ref> a critical contribution to the history of the First Crusade and the role of Peter the Hermit.

Two encyclopedia articles appeared in the early 20th century that are frequently called out by Crusader historians.{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=268–269}}<!-- <ref name="Lock-2006b">{{Cite book |last=Lock |first=Peter  |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge, Abingdon |title=The Routledge Companion to the Crusades |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-the-Crusades/Lock/p/book/9780415393126 |pages=268–269}}</ref>--> The first of these is ''Crusades'',<ref>Bréhier, Louis René. (1908). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Crusades|Crusades]]". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref name="Bréhier-2008" /> by French historian [[Louis Bréhier|Louis R. Bréhier]], appearing in the [[Catholic Encyclopedia]], based on his ''L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades''.<ref>Bréhier, L. (1907). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859918/Home L'église et l'Orient au moyen âge: les croisades]. Paris: Lecoffre, J. Gabalda.</ref> The second is ''The Crusades'',<ref name="Barker-1911">Barker, Ernest (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crusades|Crusades]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''7''' (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. pp. 524–552.</ref> by English historian [[Ernest Barker]], in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker wrote more than 50 articles for these two publications.<ref>''[[wikisource:Author:Louis René Bréhier|Louis René Bréhier (1868–1951)]]'' (1913). In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''4'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>[[wikisource:Author:Ernest Barker|Ernest Barker (1874–1960)]] (1911). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Index (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press.</ref> Barker's work was later revised as ''The Crusades''<ref name="Barker-1923" /> and Bréhier published ''Histoire anonyme de la première croisade''.<ref>Bréhier, L. (1924). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005859942/Home Histoire anonyme de la première croisade]. Paris: H. Champion.</ref> According to the ''Routledge Companion'', these articles are evidence that "not all old things are useless."{{sfn|Lock|2006|pp=268–269}}<!-- <ref name="Lock-2006b" />-->

According to the ''Routledge Companion'',<ref>{{harvnb|Lock|2006|p=269}}</ref> the three works that rank as being monumental by 20th century standards are: [[René Grousset|René Grousset's]] ''Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem''; [[Steven Runciman]]'s 3-volume set of ''[[A History of the Crusades]]'', and the [[Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades]] (Wisconsin History). Grousset's volume on the First Crusade was ''L'anarchie musulmane, 1095–1130'',<ref>Grousset, R. (193436). [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000630923/Home Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem]. Paris: Plon.</ref> a standard reference in the mid-twentieth century. The next two are still enjoying widespread use today. Runciman's first volume ''The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem''<ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|1951}}.</ref> has been criticized for being out-of-date and biased, but remains one of the most widely read accounts of the crusade. The first volume of the Wisconsin History, ''Volume 1: The First One Hundred Years'', first appeared in 1969 and was edited by Marshall W. Baldwin. The chapters on the First Crusade were written by Runciman and Frederic Duncalf and again are dated, but still well-used references. Additional background chapters on related events of the 11th century are: Western Europe, by [[Sidney Painter]]; the Byzantine Empire, by [[Peter Charanis]]; the Islamic world by [[H. A. R. Gibb|H. A. B. Gibb]]; the Seljuk invasion, by [[Claude Cahen]]; and the [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]], by [[Bernard Lewis]].<ref name="Baldwin-1969">{{Cite web |last=Baldwin, M. W. |title=The History of the Crusades |volume=1: The First One Hundred Years |year=1969 |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusOne}}</ref>

Bibliographies of works on the First Crusade through the 20th century include ones by French medievalist and Byzantinist [[Ferdinand Chalandon]] in his ''Histoire de la Première Croisade jusqu'à l'élection de Godefroi de Bouillon''{{sfn|Chalandon|1925|pp=4–8}} and the ''Select Bibliography on the Crusades'', compiled by [[Hans Eberhard Mayer|Hans E. Mayer]] and Joyce McLellan.<ref name="Mayer-1989">{{Cite web |last1=Mayer |first1=H. E. |last2=McLellan |first2=J |year=1989 |volume=VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe |title=Select bibliography of the Crusades |url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0029.pdf |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620044204/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0029.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>