Editing Faster-than-light (section)

==FTL neutrino flight results==

===MINOS experiment===
{{Main|MINOS}}
High precision measurements from the [[MINOS]] collaboration for  the flight-time of 3 [[electronvolt|GeV]] [[neutrinos]] yielded a speed ({{mvar|v}}/{{mvar|c}}−1)=(1.0±1.1)×10<sup>−6</sup>, that is equal to the speed of light to one part in a million.<ref>{{cite journal |arxiv=0706.0437 |bibcode=2007PhRvD..76g2005A |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.76.072005 |title=Measurement of neutrino velocity with the MINOS detectors and NuMI neutrino beam |year=2007 |last1=Adamson |first1=P. |last2=Andreopoulos |first2=C. |last3=Arms |first3=K. |last4=Armstrong |first4=R. |last5=Auty |first5=D. |last6=Avvakumov |first6=S. |last7=Ayres |first7=D. |last8=Baller |first8=B. |last9=Barish |first9=B. |display-authors=8 |journal=Physical Review D |volume=76 |issue=7 |pages=072005|s2cid=14358300 }}</ref>

===OPERA neutrino anomaly===
{{Main|Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly}}
On September 22, 2011, a preprint<ref>{{cite arXiv|eprint=1109.4897v1|class=hep-ex|first1=T.|last1=Adam|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam|collaboration=[[OPERA experiment|OPERA Collaboration]]|date=22 September 2011|display-authors=etal.}}<!-- published version is {{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=T. |display-authors=etal. |collaboration=[[OPERA experiment|OPERA Collaboration]] |title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |date=12 October 2012 |volume=2012 |issue=10 |arxiv=1109.4897 |doi=10.1007/JHEP10(2012)093 |bibcode=2012JHEP...10..093A}}--></ref> from the [[OPERA experiment|OPERA Collaboration]] indicated detection of 17 and 28 GeV muon neutrinos, sent 730 kilometers (454 miles) from [[CERN]] near [[Geneva, Switzerland]] to the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso|Gran Sasso National Laboratory]] in Italy, traveling faster than light by a relative amount of {{val|2.48|e=-5}} (approximately 1 in 40,000), a statistic with 6.0-sigma significance.<ref>Cho, Adrian; [https://www.science.org/content/article/neutrinos-travel-faster-light-according-one-experiment ''Neutrinos Travel Faster Than Light, According to One Experiment''], Science NOW, 22 September 2011</ref> On 17 November 2011, a second follow-up experiment by OPERA scientists confirmed their initial results.<ref name="Opera-20111118">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=Scientists Report Second Sighting of Faster-Than-Light Neutrinos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/19/science/space/neutrino-finding-is-confirmed-in-second-experiment-opera-scientists-say.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/19/science/space/neutrino-finding-is-confirmed-in-second-experiment-opera-scientists-say.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=18 November 2011 |work=The New York Times|access-date=2011-11-18}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Opera-arxiv">{{cite arXiv|eprint=1109.4897v2|class=hep-ex|first1=T.|last1=Adam|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam|collaboration=[[OPERA experiment|OPERA Collaboration]]|date=17 November 2011|display-authors=etal.}}<!-- published version is {{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=T. |display-authors=etal. |collaboration=[[OPERA experiment|OPERA Collaboration]] |title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |date=2012 |volume=2012 |issue=10 |arxiv=1109.4897 |doi=10.1007/JHEP10(2012)093 |bibcode=2012JHEP...10..093A}}--></ref> However, scientists were skeptical about the results of these experiments, the significance of which was disputed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-20 |title=Study rejects "faster than light" particle finding |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-neutrinos-idUSTRE7AJ0ZX20111120 |access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> In March 2012, the [[ICARUS (experiment)|ICARUS collaboration]] failed to reproduce the OPERA results with their equipment, detecting neutrino travel time from CERN to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory indistinguishable from the speed of light.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Antonello|first1=M.|display-authors=etal.|date=15 March 2012|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=713|issue=1|pages=17–22|arxiv=1203.3433|bibcode=2012PhLB..713...17A|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033|s2cid=55397067|ref={{SfnRef|ICARUS|2012}}|collaboration=[[ICARUS experiment|ICARUS Collaboration]]}}<!-- published version {{cite journal |last1=Antonello |first1=M. |display-authors=etal. |collaboration=[[ICARUS experiment|ICARUS Collaboration]] |title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam |journal=Physics Letters B |date=2012 |volume=713 |issue=1 |pages=17–22 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033 |bibcode=2012PhLB..713...17A}}--></ref> Later the OPERA team reported two flaws in their equipment set-up that had caused errors far outside their original [[confidence interval]]: a [[fiber-optic cable]] attached improperly, which caused the apparently faster-than-light measurements, and a clock oscillator ticking too fast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strassler |first=M. |author-link=Matt Strassler |date=2012-04-02 |title=OPERA: What Went Wrong |url=https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/neutrinos/neutrinos-faster-than-light/opera-what-went-wrong/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Of Particular Significance |language=en-US}}</ref>