Editing Ethics (section)

=== Other subfields ===
Many other fields of applied ethics are discussed in the academic literature. [[Communication ethics]] covers moral principles of [[Communication|communicative conduct]]. Two key issues in it are [[freedom of speech]] and speech responsibility. Freedom of speech concerns the ability to articulate one's opinions and ideas without the threats of punishment and censorship. Speech responsibility is about being accountable for the consequences of communicative action and inaction.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kvalnes|2023|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-28971-2_12 101, 105]}} | {{harvnb|Christians|2005}} }}</ref> A closely related field is [[information ethics]], which focuses on the moral implications of creating, controlling, disseminating, and using [[information]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|ten Have|Patrão Neves|2021|p=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_310 633]}} | {{harvnb|Elrod|Smith|2005}} }}</ref>

[[File:Little Boy bomb.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a nuclear weapon|[[Nuclear ethics]] addresses the moral implications of nuclear technology, such as [[atom bomb]]s.]]

The [[ethics of technology]] examines the moral issues associated with the creation and use of any artifact, from simple spears to high-tech computers and [[nanotechnology]].<ref>{{harvnb|Braunack-Mayer|Street|Palmer|1998|pp=321–322}}</ref> Central topics in the ethics of technology include the risks associated with creating new technologies, their responsible use, and questions about human enhancement through technological means, such as [[performance-enhancing drugs]] and [[Human genetic enhancement|genetic enhancement]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Braunack-Mayer|Street|Palmer|1998|pp=323–326}} | {{harvnb|Robson|Tsou|2023|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3gumEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT16 16–17]}} }}</ref> Important subfields include [[computer ethics]], [[ethics of artificial intelligence]], [[machine ethics]], [[Ethics of nanotechnologies|ethics of nanotechnology]], and [[nuclear ethics]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tzafestas|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EdpECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}} | {{harvnb|Mitcham|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0uF-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 101]}} }}</ref>

{{anchor|Military ethics}}
The [[ethics of war]] investigates moral problems of war and violent conflicts. According to [[just war theory]], waging war is morally justified if it fulfills certain conditions. These conditions are commonly divided into requirements concerning the [[Jus ad bellum|cause to initiate violent activities]], such as self-defense, and the [[Jus in bello|way those violent activities are conducted]], such as [[Proportionality (law)#International humanitarian law|avoiding excessive harm to civilians]] in the pursuit of [[legitimate military target]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Frowe|2021|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Lazar|2020|loc=Lead section, § 3. Jus Ad Bellum, § 4. Jus in Bello}} | {{harvnb|Sorabji|Rodin|2007|pp=2–3}} }}</ref> Military ethics is a closely related field that is interested in the conduct of [[military personnel]]. It governs questions of the circumstances under which they are permitted to kill enemies, destroy infrastructure, and put the lives of their own troops at risk.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wolfendale|2007|pp=[https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230592803_4 47–78]}} | {{harvnb|Baumann|2007|pp=34–35}} }}</ref> Additional topics are the recruitment, training, and discharge of military personnel.<ref>{{harvnb|Fotion|1998|pp=121, 123–124, 126}}</ref>

Other fields of applied ethics include [[political ethics]], which examines the moral dimensions of political decisions,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hall|Sabl|2022|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4bhiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} | {{harvnb|Gay|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VKprw2w_IJQC&pg=PA189 189]}} }}</ref> educational ethics, which covers ethical issues related to proper teaching practices,<ref>{{harvnb|Maxwell|2023|pp=[https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1323 609–610]}}</ref> and [[sexual ethics]], which addresses the moral implications of [[Human sexual activity|sexual behavior]].<ref>{{harvnb|Boonin|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8L1dEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref>