Editing Epilepsy (section)

===Syndromes===
{{Main|Epilepsy syndromes}}
An [[Epilepsy syndromes|epilepsy syndrome]] is a specific diagnosis based on a combination of features, including seizure types, age of onset, EEG patterns, imaging findings, and associated symptoms or comorbidities. In many cases, a known genetic or structural cause may also support the diagnosis. Recognizing a syndrome can guide treatment decisions, inform prognosis, and provide clarity for individuals and families navigating an epilepsy diagnosis.<ref name="ileasyndromes2014">{{cite web |title=Epilepsy syndromes |url=https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/epilepsy-syndrome-groupoverview.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006173716/https://www.epilepsydiagnosis.org/syndrome/epilepsy-syndrome-groupoverview.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014 |publisher=International league against epilepsy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wirrell |first1=Elaine C. |last2=Nabbout |first2=Rima |last3=Scheffer |first3=Ingrid E. |last4=Alsaadi |first4=Taoufik |last5=Bogacz |first5=Alicia |last6=French |first6=Jacqueline A. |last7=Hirsch |first7=Edouard |last8=Jain |first8=Satish |last9=Kaneko |first9=Sunao |last10=Riney |first10=Kate |last11=Samia |first11=Pauline |last12=Snead |first12=O. Carter |last13=Somerville |first13=Ernest |last14=Specchio |first14=Nicola |last15=Trinka |first15=Eugen |date=2022 |title=Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.17237 |journal=Epilepsia |language=en |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1333–1348 |doi=10.1111/epi.17237 |issn=1528-1167}}</ref>

Some syndromes are self-limited and age-dependent, such as [[childhood absence epilepsy]], [[juvenile myoclonic epilepsy]], and self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.<ref name="Nel2012" /> These typically respond well to treatment or remit with age. In contrast, more severe syndromes fall under the category of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raga |first1=Sharika |last2=Specchio |first2=Nicola |last3=Rheims |first3=Sylvain |last4=Wilmshurst |first4=Jo M. |date=2021-02-01 |title=Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: recognition and approaches to care |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33632673 |journal=Epileptic Disorders: International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=40–52 |doi=10.1684/epd.2021.1244 |issn=1950-6945 |pmid=33632673|doi-access=free }}</ref> These include [[Lennox–Gastaut syndrome]], [[West syndrome]], and [[Dravet syndrome]], which are associated with early onset, drug-resistant seizures, and significant neurodevelopmental impairments.<ref name="jcnnordli2012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nordli DR |date=October 2012 |title=Epileptic encephalopathies in infants and children |journal=Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=420–424 |doi=10.1097/WNP.0b013e31826bd961 |pmid=23027099}}</ref>

Some epilepsy syndromes do not yet fit neatly within current etiological categories, particularly when no definitive cause has been identified. In many cases, a genetic cause is presumed based on age of onset, family history, and electroclinical features, even if no mutation has been found. As genetic and neuroimaging technologies continue to evolve, the classification of epilepsy syndromes is expected to become more precise.<ref name="2011rec" />