Editing Easter Rising (section)

== Legacy ==
[[File:Dublin - Kukulín.jpg|thumb|In 1935, Éamon de Valera unveiled a statue by [[Oliver Sheppard]] of the mythical Irish hero [[Cú Chulainn]] at the General Post Office to commemorate the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leerssen |first=Joep |date=2016 |title=Cuchulain in the General Post Office: Gaelic revival, Irish rising |url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/publications/cuchulain-general-post-office-gaelic-revival-irish-rising |journal=Journal of the British Academy |volume=4 |doi=10.5871/jba/004.137|doi-access=free |hdl=11245.1/f4cbeffb-f268-4584-a1a8-0859af3011b3 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Similar remembrance is present throughout Dublin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=Garth |date=2004 |title=The Politics of Remembrance in Irish and Quebec Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165734 |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=903–925 |doi=10.1017/S0008423904003518 |jstor=25165734 |s2cid=153519273 |issn=0008-4239}}</ref>]]
1916 – containing both the Rising and the [[Battle of the Somme]], events paramount to the memory of Irish Republicans and [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionists]], respectively – had a profound effect on Ireland and is remembered accordingly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Beiner |first=Guy |date=2007 |title=Between Trauma and Triumphalism: The Easter Rising, the Somme, and the Crux of Deep Memory in Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/between-trauma-and-triumphalism-the-easter-rising-the-somme-and-the-crux-of-deep-memory-in-modern-ireland/13ACA06ABF8AB70456298FDD85CC704E |journal=Journal of British Studies |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=366–389 |doi=10.1086/510892 |s2cid=154539760 |issn=1545-6986}}</ref>{{Efn|Following the Rising, political identity in Ireland "became much more exclusivist".<ref name=":3" /> The Home Rule movement's Protestant contingency was uniquely impaired by the Rising, which was lambasted as "southern Catholic treachery" by Ulster Unionists; the Home Rule Crisis unified unionists, defining protestant allegiances thereafter.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-28174-6 |editor-last=Delap |editor-first=Lucy |location= |pages=225 |editor-last2=Morgan |editor-first2=Sue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrissey |first=Conor |date=2017-07-24 |title='Rotten Protestants': Protestant home rulers and the Ulster Liberal Association, 1906-1918 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1700005x |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=743–765 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x1700005x |s2cid=148801140 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref>
These events have often been invoked as the "origin stories for the respective states of Ireland and Northern Ireland."<ref name="Beukian">{{Cite journal |last1=Beukian |first1=Sevan |last2=Graff-McRae |first2=Rebecca |date=2018 |title=Trauma Stories as Resilience: Armenian and Irish National Identity in a Century of Remembering |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7318 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=157–188 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23374}}</ref> Although remembrance rarely intersects, the established binary of these events became "much less oppressive" following the [[Northern Ireland peace process]].<ref name="Beukian"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Alvin |date=2018 |title=Mrs Foster and the rebels: Irish unionist approaches to the Easter Rising, 1916–2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/mrs-foster-and-the-rebels-irish-unionist-approaches-to-the-easter-rising-19162016/BA27D049FA2410066FD981A7DF628517 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=42 |issue=161 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.1017/ihs.2018.10 |s2cid=165420600 |issn=0021-1214}}</ref>}} The Rising was among the events that ended colonial rule in Ireland, succeeded by the [[Irish War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scanlon |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Satish Kumar |first2=M. |date=2019 |title=Ireland and Irishness: The Contextuality of Postcolonial Identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 |journal=Annals of the American Association of Geographers |language=en |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=202–222 |doi=10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 |bibcode=2019AAAG..109..202S |s2cid=166137125 |issn=2469-4452}}</ref> The legacy of the Rising possess many dimensions although the declaration of the Republic and the ensuing executions remain focal points.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=A. |date=2013 |title=The Richmond District Asylum and the 1916 Easter Rising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0790966713000517/type/journal_article |journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=279–283 |doi=10.1017/ipm.2013.51 |s2cid=73063153 |issn=0790-9667}}</ref>

Annual parades in celebration of the Rising occurred for many years, however, ceased after [[The Troubles|The Troubles in Northern Ireland]] began, being seen as supportive of republican paramilitary violence – the Rising is a common feature of republican [[murals in Northern Ireland]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="murals">{{Cite journal |last1=Forker |first1=Martin |last2=McCormick |first2=Jonathan |date=2009 |title=Walls of history: the use of mythomoteurs in Northern Ireland murals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670880903315898 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=423–465 |doi=10.1080/09670880903315898 |s2cid=143454753 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref>{{efn|The republican movement found the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising provided an "opportunity to stake its claim to be the true inheritor of the mantle of the revolutionaries."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Treacy |first=Matt |title=The IRA 1956-69: Rethinking the Republic |date=2011 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-8472-0 |pages=96 |doi=}}</ref> [[Ian McBride]] wrote that "the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising spawned a new generation of republicans in Belfast."<ref name="Hancock">{{Cite journal |last=Hancock |first=Landon E. |date=2019 |title=Narratives of Commemoration: Identity, Memory, and Conflict in Northern Ireland 1916–2016 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pech.12339 |journal=Peace & Change |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=244–265 |doi=10.1111/pech.12339 |s2cid=151048791 |issn=0149-0508}}</ref>}} These commemorations celebrated the Rising as the origin of the Irish state, a stance reiterated through extensive analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=John M. |date=2007 |title=Southern Irish Nationalism as a Historical Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140171 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=197–223 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005978 |jstor=4140171 |s2cid=153748417 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479808908.001.0001 |title=The Irish Revolution |date=2022 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0890-8 |editor-last=Mannion |editor-first=Patrick |pages=10 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479808908.001.0001 |editor-last2=McGarry |editor-first2=Fearghal}}</ref> Unionists contend that the Rising was an illegal attack on the British State that should not be celebrated.<ref name="Hancock" /> Revivalism of the parades has inspired significant public debate, although the centenary of the Rising, which featured the likes of ceremonies and memorials, was largely successful and praised for its sensitivity.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGarry |first=Fearghal |date=2022 |title=The Politics of Pluralism: Historians and Easter 2016 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/866534 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=25–62 |doi=10.1353/eir.2022.0001 |s2cid=252763619 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{efn|Unionist parties did, however, boycott the event.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Michael |title=The Bastille Effect: Transforming Sites of Political Imprisonment |date=2022 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-38603-7 |pages=35}}</ref>}}

The leaders of the Rising were "instantly [[Apotheosis|apotheosized]]" and remembrance was situated within a larger republican tradition of claimed martyrdom – the Catholic Church would contend this narrative as the [[Foundational Myth|foundational myth]] of the [[Irish Free State]], assuming a place within the remembrance as an association between republicanism and Catholicism grew.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baylis |first=Gail |date=2015 |title=Boy Culture and Ireland 1916 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2015.1053508 |journal=Early Popular Visual Culture |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=192–208 |doi=10.1080/17460654.2015.1053508 |s2cid=162162094 |issn=1746-0654}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Brück |first=Joanna |date=2015 |title='A good Irishman should blush every time he sees a penny': Gender, nationalism and memory in Irish internment camp craftwork, 1916–1923 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183515577010 |journal=Journal of Material Culture |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=149–172 |doi=10.1177/1359183515577010 |issn=1359-1835|hdl=1983/760bc9ba-f151-4378-bbb1-8dd06a8b5758 |s2cid=220072159 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{Efn|There were few Protestant rebels present and thus the Rising became strongly associated with Catholicism.{{sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=136}} The likes of [[Grace Gifford]], Markievicz and Casement converted from Protestantism to Catholicism just before, during and after the Rising, respectively.{{sfn|Arrington|2015|p=133-134}} The Catholic character of the rebels was stressed by priests influential in the Church's acceptance of the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cefaloni |first=Simon Pietro. |date=2019 |title=The Island of the Saints and the Homeland of the Martyrs: Monsignor O'Riordan, Father Hagan and the Boundaries of the Irish Nation (1906-1916) |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA598425437&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22393978&p=AONE&sw=w |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |issue=9 |pages=417–442}}</ref>}} The "Pearsean combination of Catholicism, Gaelicism, and spiritual nationalism" would become dominant within republicanism, the ideas gaining a quasi-religiosity, whilst helping unify later strands thereof.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transnational Perspectives on Modern Irish History |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317963219 |editor-last=Whelehan |editor-first=Neil |pages=177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Augusteijn |first1=Joost |title=Political Religion Beyond Totalitarianism: The Sacralization of Politics in the Age of Democracy |last2=Dassen |first2=Patrick |last3=Janse |first3=Maartje Johanna |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-29171-4 |location= |pages=148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoey |first=Paddy |date=2019 |title=Dissident and dissenting republicanism: From the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement to Brexit |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816818818088 |journal=Capital & Class |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1177/0309816818818088 |issn=0309-8168}}</ref> Within the Free State, the Rising was sanctified by officials, positioned as a "highly disciplined military operation".{{Sfn|Flanagan|2015|p=11, 13}} Historians largely agree that the Rising succeeded by offering a symbolic display of sacrifice, while the military action was a considerable failure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McQuaid |first=Sara Dybris |date=2022 |title=Remembering the Rising and the End of Empire |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/866538 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=110–127 |doi=10.1353/eir.2022.0005 |s2cid=252763408 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{efn|This [[historiography]] largely manifested around the fiftieth anniversary in defiance of a "[[hagiographical]]" perception.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arrington |first=Lauren |date=2014 |title=Socialist Republican Discourse and the 1916 Easter Rising: The Occupation of Jacob's Biscuit Factory and the South Dublin Union Explained |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021937114001166/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of British Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=992–1010 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.116 |s2cid=162645927 |issn=0021-9371}}</ref> On the symbolic power, [[Sarah Cole (writer)|Sarah Cole]] wrote that the Easter Rising was "understood and presented, at every level, in a metaphoric language, which stressed apotheosis, resurrection, transformation." These tropes - central to the morale of the Volunteers - are evidenced in Pearse's [[Ireland unfree shall never be at peace|oration at the funeral of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]].<ref name=":6" /> The occupation of areas laden with iconography but of negligible military value support the understanding of the Rising as primarily a symbolic act.{{Sfn|Arrington|2015|p=125}}}} As [[Monk Gibbon]] remarked, the "shots from khaki-uniformed firing parties did more to create the Republic of Ireland than any shot fired by a Volunteer in the course of Easter week".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawe |first=Gerald |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/202/monograph/book/43905 |title=Of War and Wars Alarms: Reflections on Modern Irish Writing |date=2015 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=978-1-78205-179-4 |location= |pages=52 |doi=10.1353/book43905|s2cid=164290964 }}</ref>

Literature surrounding the Rising was significant: MacDonagh, Plunkett, and Pearse were themselves poets, whose ideals were granted a spiritual dimension in their work; [[Arnold Bax]], [[Francis Ledwidge]], [[George William Russell]] and [[W. B. Yeats]] responded through verse that ranged from endorsement to elegies.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34448 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Poetry |date=2012-10-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956124-7 |editor-last=Brearton |editor-first=Fran |edition=1 |pages=80–94 |language=en |doi= |editor-last2=Gillis |editor-first2=Alan}}</ref>{{Efn|The executed poets possessed similar motifs: pastoral imagery, [[Celtic mythology]], notions of saintliness, sacrifice, and martyrdom, and inspiration from English poets.<ref name="oxford"/> Pearse equated his eminent execution, and that of [[Robert Emmet]], with the death of Jesus Christ; patriotism with religious faith.<ref name="murals"/>

Although there existed little anti-Anglo sentiment in their work, their radicalism was, in part, begotten from resentment at the "anglicisation" of Ireland and the resulting marginalisation of Gaelic identity.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="oxford"/> [[D. G. Boyce]] stressed the importance of the Gaelic revival upon the philosophy of the Rising which, via Pearse, aggregated and created a continuity of prior nationalist thinking.{{Sfn|Boyce|1996|p=168-170}}}} Although [[James Joyce]] was ambivalent to the insurgence, metaphors of and imagery consistent with the Rising appear in his later work.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Greg |date=2019 |title=Queensberry Rules and Jacob's Biscuits: James Joyce's Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/80/article/736678 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=81–97 |doi=10.1353/jjq.2019.0051 |s2cid=208688845 |issn=1938-6036}}</ref> [[Hugh Leonard]], [[Denis Johnston]], [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], [[Roddy Doyle]] and [[Sorley MacLean]] are among writers would later invoke the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=James |last2=Cullen |first2=Fintan |date=2018 |title=The Sherwood Foresters of 1916: memories and memorials |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2018.1514659 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=436–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2018.1514659 |s2cid=150325899 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Gallagher |first=Niall |date=2016 |title=Ireland's eternal Easter: Sorley MacLean and 1916 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678 |s2cid=152084743 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref> Now extensively dramatised, its theatricality was identified in the moment and has been stressed in its remembrance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maley |first=Willy |date=2016 |title=Shakespeare, Easter 1916, and the Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sena.12185 |journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1111/sena.12185 |issn=1473-8481}}</ref> Literary and political evocation position the Rising as a "watershed moment" central to Irish history.<ref>{{cite book |last=English |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-517753-4 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Black nationalism|Black]], [[Basque nationalism|Basque]], [[Breton nationalism|Breton]], [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan]] and [[Indian nationalism|Indian]] nationalists have drawn upon the Rising and its consequences.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cullen |first1=Niall |last2=McCreanor |first2=Kyle |date=2022 |title='Dangerous Friends': Irish Republican Relations with Basque and Catalan Nationalists, 1916–26 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2022.2045339 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1193–1210 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2022.2045339 |s2cid=247340368 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leach |first=Daniel |date=2008 |title="Repaying a Debt of Gratitude": Foreign Minority Nationalists and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Easter Rising in 1966 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/255666 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=267–289 |doi=10.1353/eir.0.0013 |s2cid=159799028 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{Sfn|Grayson|McGarry|2016|pp=140–144}} For the latter, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] noted, the symbolic display was the appeal, that of the transcendent, "invincible spirit of a nation"; such was broadly appealing in America, where [[Irish Americans|diasporic]], occasionally socialist, nationalism occurred.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=O'Malley |first=Kate |date=2016 |title='Thrilled by the Irish Rising ... and the Irish Story Ever Since': Indian Nationalist Reactions to the Easter Rising |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45283319 |journal=Saothar |volume=41 |pages=77–82 |jstor=45283319 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref>{{Sfn|Grayson|McGarry|2016|pp=145}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Damien |date=2009 |title="Go Forth as a Missionary to Fight It": Catholic Antisocialism and Irish American Nationalism in Post-World War I Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543469 |journal=Journal of American Ethnic History |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=43–65 |doi=10.2307/40543469 |jstor=40543469 |s2cid=254482716 |issn=0278-5927}}</ref>{{efn|The broadcast declaration was intercepted and relayed to the United States thus considerable coverage in the press ensued: "The use of modern technology to declare an Irish Republic indicates an attempt to place the Rising at the heart of world affairs, which in turn reflected the rebel leader's experience as propagandists."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Brian |date=2017 |title=Reception of the Easter Rising in British and American little magazines |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2016.1270716 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=88–100 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1270716 |s2cid=152058354 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref> When enacting a censorship control on the Rising, British officials sought for America, in particular, to be ignorant.<ref name="press">{{Cite journal |last=Drisceoil |first=Donal Ó |date=2012 |title=Keeping disloyalty within bounds? British media control in Ireland, 1914–19 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/keeping-disloyalty-within-bounds-british-media-control-in-ireland-191419/34A4877A9D4F6E0054151CB7D1EEDC64 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=149 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400000626 |issn=0021-1214|hdl=10468/3057 |s2cid=232251175 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Irish-American support proved remunerative for the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Brian |date=2019 |title=Sots, Songs, and Stereotypes: 1916, the Fighting Irish, and Irish-American Nationalism in Finnegans Wake |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/80/article/736662 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=45–61 |doi=10.1353/jjq.2019.0035 |s2cid=208689531 |issn=1938-6036}}</ref>}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] was effusive, ascribing its anti-imperialism a singular significance within [[geopolitics]] – his only misgiving was its estrangement from the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|broader wave of revolution occurring]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=aan de Wiel |first=Jérôme |date=2020 |title=The Shots that Reverberated for a Long Time, 1916–1932: The Irish Revolution, the Bolsheviks and the European Left |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2018.1527779 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=195–213 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2018.1527779 |s2cid=219644551 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref>{{efn|Although participants largely didn't espouse socialist beliefs – Connolly being a notable exception – a varied amount of left-wing organisations commented upon and thereafter disparaged the Rising.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Backus |first1=Margot Gayle |last2=Thompson |first2=Spurgeon |date=2018 |title='If you shoulder a rifle [...] let it be for Ireland': James Connolly's War on War |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0217 |journal=Modernist Cultures |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=364–381 |doi=10.3366/mod.2018.0217 |s2cid=159661029 |issn=2041-1022}}</ref> The "Connolly tradition" would later be invoked positively by socialist and labor activists in relation to their own aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/parnell-and-his-times/EEC4A1E397189F76E657DA9AB02E7652 |title=Parnell and his Times |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49526-4 |editor-last=Leerssen |editor-first=Joep |location= |pages=284 |doi=10.1017/9781108861786|hdl=10468/10784 |s2cid=243750426 }}</ref>}}

During the Troubles, significant [[Revisionism (Ireland)|revisionism]] of the Rising occurred. Revisionists contended that it was not a "heroic drama" as thought but rather informed the violence transpiring, by having legitimised a "cult of 'blood sacrifice'".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Shaun |date=2015 |title=The Work of a 'Young Nationalist'?: Tom Murphy's ''The Patriot Game'' and the Commemoration of Easter 1916 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2015.0149 |journal=Irish University Review |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=39–53 |doi=10.3366/iur.2015.0149 |issn=0021-1427}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Leary|2019|p=322}} With the advent of a [[Provisional IRA]] ceasefire and the beginning of what became known as the [[Northern Ireland peace process|Peace Process]] during the 1990s, the government's view of the Rising grew more positive and in 1996 an 80th anniversary commemoration at the [[Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)|Garden of Remembrance]] in Dublin was attended by the [[Taoiseach]] and leader of [[Fine Gael]], [[John Bruton]].<ref>[http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/ Reconstructing the Easter Rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317011549/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/ |date=17 March 2008 }}, Colin Murphy, ''The Village'', 16 February 2006</ref>

<gallery widths="140" heights="200">
File:GPO Easter Rising Plaque.jpg|Plaque commemorating the Easter Rising at the [[General Post Office (Dublin)|General Post Office, Dublin]], with the Irish text in [[Gaelic type|Gaelic script]], and the English text in regular [[Latin script]]
File:Cobh Volunteers 1916 memorial.jpg|Memorial in [[Cobh]], County Cork, to the Volunteers from that town
File:Offaly 1916 memorial.jpg|Memorial in [[Clonmacnoise]] commemorating men of [[County Offaly]] (then King's County) who fought in 1916: James Kenny, Kieran Kenny and Paddy McDonnell are named
File:Clonegal flag.jpg|Flag and copy of the Proclamation in [[Clonegal]]
</gallery>