Editing Duke University (section)

=== Research ===
[[File:2008-07-24 Vinik Building of the Fitzpatrick Center.jpg|alt=A four-story brick and stone building alongside pedestrian path|thumb|The Fitzpatrick Center is home to many of Duke's engineering programs.]]

The [[National Science Foundation]] ranked Duke 9th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2022 with $1.39 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities Report Largest Growth in Federally Funded R&D Expenditures since FY 2011 {{!}} NSF - National Science Foundation |url=https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/profiles/site?method=rankingBySource&ds=herd |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=ncses.nsf.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zalaznick |first=Matt |date=2023-01-06 |title=Billion-dollar business: These are higher ed's top 30 R&D performers |url=https://universitybusiness.com/r-d-research-and-development-billion-dollar-top-30-college-university-higher-ed-spenders/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=University Business |language=en-US}}</ref> In fiscal year 2021, Duke received $608 million in funding from the [[National Institutes of Health]], ranked third in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIH Awards by Location & Organization |url=https://medschool.duke.edu/news/duke-university-school-medicine-ranked-third-nation-federal-medical-research-funding |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303200836/https://medschool.duke.edu/news/duke-university-school-medicine-ranked-third-nation-federal-medical-research-funding |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |access-date=March 3, 2022 |publisher=National Institutes of Health }}</ref> Duke is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity."<ref>{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=198419 |publisher=Center for Postsecondary Education |website=carnegieclassifications.iu.edu |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718042708/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=198419 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the school's history, Duke researchers have made breakthroughs, including the biomedical engineering department's development of the world's first real-time, three-dimensional ultrasound diagnostic system and the first engineered blood vessels and stents.<ref>[http://www.bme.duke.edu/research/ Research Duke BME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708011031/http://www.bme.duke.edu/research/ |date=July 8, 2012}}. Pratt School of Engineering. Retrieved January 12, 2011.</ref> In 2015, Paul Modrich shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of mechanism of DNA repairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2015/press-release/ |access-date=March 3, 2022 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2012, [[Robert Lefkowitz]] along with [[Brian Kobilka]], who is also a former affiliate, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their work on cell surface receptors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Lefkowitz Shares Nobel Prize in Chemistry|url=http://today.duke.edu/2012/10/lefkowitznobel|website=Duke Today|date=October 10, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2015|archive-date=May 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522201512/http://today.duke.edu/2012/10/lefkowitznobel|url-status=live}}</ref> Duke has pioneered studies involving nonlinear dynamics, chaos, and complex systems in physics.

In May 2006 Duke researchers mapped the final human chromosome, which made world news as it marked the completion of the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref name="Genome">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm|title=Final genome 'chapter' published|publisher=BBC News|date=May 18, 2006|access-date=January 12, 2011|archive-date=March 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310183142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4994088.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Reports of Duke researchers' involvement in new AIDS vaccine research surfaced in June 2006.<ref>[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/45010.php "AIDS Vaccine Research Offers New Insights On Survival"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114214344/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/45010.php |date=January 14, 2009}}. ''[[Medical News Today]]'', June 13, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2011.</ref> The biology department combines two historically strong programs in botany and zoology, while one of the divinity school's leading theologians is [[Stanley Hauerwas]], whom ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named "America's Best Theologian" in 2001.<ref>Elshtain, Jean Bethke. [http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=16-03-057-r An Honored Prophet: Stanley Hauerwas: "America's Best Theologian"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927064735/http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=16-03-057-r |date=September 27, 2019}}. ''Touchstone Journal.'' Retrieved July 4, 2011.</ref> The graduate program in literature boasts several internationally renowned figures, including [[Fredric Jameson]],<ref>[http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Romance/faculty/jameson Fredric Jameson, William A. Lane Professor of Comparative Literature and Romance Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609084528/http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Romance/faculty/jameson |date=June 9, 2007}}. Duke University. Retrieved June 12, 2011.</ref> [[Michael Hardt]],<ref>[[Ed Vulliamy|Vulliamy, Ed]]. [http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,,522001,00.html The Observer Profile: Michael Hardt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618192301/http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/politicsphilosophyandsociety/story/0,,522001,00.html |date=June 18, 2008}}. ''[[The Observer]]'', July 15, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2011.</ref> and [[Rey Chow]], while philosophers Robert Brandon and [[Lakatos Award]]-winner [[Alexander Rosenberg]] contribute to Duke's ranking as the nation's best program in philosophy of biology, according to the ''[[Philosophical Gourmet Report]]''.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130131145636/http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/breakdown/breakdown15.asp Philosophical Gourmet Report: Breakdown: Philosophy of Biology]. ''Philosophical Gourmet Report.'' Retrieved July 4, 2011.</ref>