Editing Determinism (section)

=== Eastern tradition ===
Throughout history, the [[belief]] that the entire [[universe]] is a [[Deterministic system (philosophy)|deterministic system]] subject to the will of [[fate]] or [[destiny]] has been articulated in both [[Eastern religions|Eastern]] and [[Western religions|Western]] religions, philosophy, music, and literature.<ref name="Iran. J. Public Health">{{cite journal |last1=Durmaz |first1=H. |last2=Çapik |first2=C. |date=March 2023 |title=Are Health Fatalism and Styles of Coping with Stress Affected by Poverty? A Field Study |journal=[[Iranian Journal of Public Health]] |publisher=[[Tehran University of Medical Sciences]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=575–583 |doi=10.18502/ijph.v52i3.12140 |issn=2251-6093 |pmc=10135518 |pmid=37124894 |s2cid=257501917 |quote=Fatalism is the belief that everything an individual may encounter in his life is determined against his will and that this destiny cannot be changed by effort. In a fatalistic attitude, individuals believe that they cannot control their lives and that there is no point in making choices. Fatalism is a response to overwhelming threats that seem uncontrollable.}}</ref><ref name="SEP">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Rice |author-first=Hugh |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/fatalism/ |title=Fatalism |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |date=Winter 2018 |publisher=[[Center for the Study of Language and Information]] |location=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Solomon 2003">{{cite journal |title=On Fate and Fatalism |author-last=Solomon |author-first=Robert C. |author-link=Robert C. Solomon |date=October 2003 |journal=[[Philosophy East and West]] |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=435–454 |doi=10.1353/pew.2003.0047 |jstor=1399977 |s2cid=170753493}}</ref><ref name="Stambaugh 1994">{{cite book |author-last=Stambaugh |author-first=Joan |author-link=Joan Stambaugh |title=The Other Nietzsche |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=9781438420929 |pages=79–81 |chapter=''Amor dei'' and ''Amor fati'': Spinoza and Nietzsche |quote= |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qytXzUMTEfQC&pg=PA79}}</ref><ref name="Taylor 1962">{{cite journal |title=Fatalism |author-last=Taylor |author-first=Richard |author-link=Richard Taylor (philosopher) |date=January 1962 |journal=[[The Philosophical Review]] |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] on behalf of the Sage School of Philosophy at [[Cornell University]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=56–66 |doi=10.2307/2183681 |issn=1558-1470 |jstor=2183681}}</ref>

The ancient Arabs that inhabited the [[Arabian Peninsula]] [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|before the advent of Islam]] used to profess a widespread belief in [[fatalism]] (''ḳadar'') alongside a fearful consideration for [[Worship of heavenly bodies|the sky and the stars as divine beings]], which they held to be ultimately responsible for every phenomena that occurs on Earth and for the destiny of humankind.<ref name="Al-Abbasi 2020">{{cite journal |last=al-Abbasi |first=Abeer Abdullah |date=August 2020 |title=The Arabsʾ Visions of the Upper Realm |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/8301/8105 |journal=[[Marburg Journal of Religion]] |publisher=[[University of Marburg]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.17192/mjr.2020.22.8301 |issn=1612-2941 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Accordingly, they shaped their entire lives in accordance with their [[Astrology|interpretations of astral configurations and phenomena]].<ref name="Al-Abbasi 2020"/>

In the ''[[I Ching]]'' and [[Taoism|philosophical Taoism]], the ebb and flow of favorable and unfavorable conditions suggests the path of least resistance is effortless (''see'': [[Wu wei]]). In the [[Indian philosophy|philosophical schools of the Indian Subcontinent]], the concept of ''[[karma]]'' deals with similar philosophical issues to the Western concept of determinism. Karma is understood as a spiritual mechanism which causes the [[Saṃsāra|eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth]] (''saṃsāra'').<ref name="Bodewitz 2019">{{cite book |author-last=Bodewitz |author-first=Henk |year=2019 |chapter=Chapter 1 – The Hindu Doctrine of Transmigration: Its Origin and Background |editor1-last=Heilijgers |editor1-first=Dory H. |editor2-last=Houben |editor2-first=Jan E. M. |editor3-last=van Kooij |editor3-first=Karel |title=Vedic Cosmology and Ethics: Selected Studies |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Gonda Indological Studies |volume=19 |doi=10.1163/9789004400139_002 |doi-access=free |pages=3–19 |isbn=978-90-04-40013-9 |issn=1382-3442}}</ref> Karma, either positive or negative, accumulates according to an individual's actions throughout their life, and at their death determines the nature of their next life in the cycle of Saṃsāra.<ref name="Bodewitz 2019"/> Most [[Indian religions|major religions originating in India]] hold this belief to some degree, most notably [[Hinduism]],<ref name="Bodewitz 2019"/> [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Buddhism]].

The views on the interaction of karma and free will are numerous, and diverge from each other. For example, in [[Sikhism#Liberation|Sikhism]], god's grace, gained through worship, can erase one's karmic debts, a belief which reconciles the principle of karma with a monotheistic god one must freely choose to worship.<ref>House, H. Wayne. 1991. "Resurrection, Reincarnation, and Humanness." ''[[Bibliotheca Sacra]]'' 148 (590). Retrieved 29 November 2013.</ref> [[Karma in Jainism#Material theory|Jainists]] believe in [[compatibilism]], in which the cycle of Saṃsara is a completely mechanistic process, occurring without any divine intervention. The Jains hold an atomic view of reality, in which particles of karma form the fundamental microscopic building material of the universe.