Editing Depleted uranium (section)

===Studies indicating negligible effects===
Studies in 2005 and earlier have concluded that DU ammunition has no measurable detrimental health effects.

A 1999 [[literature review]] conducted by the [[Rand Corporation]] stated: "No evidence is documented in the literature of cancer or any other negative health effect related to the radiation received from exposure to depleted or natural uranium, whether inhaled or ingested, even at very high doses,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/du/cover.html|title="A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses," Rand Report, 1999.|publisher=osd.mil|access-date=30 October 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013230242/http://gulflink.osd.mil/library/randrep/du/cover.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a RAND report authored by the U.S. Defense department undersecretary charged with evaluating DU hazards considered the debate to be more political than scientific.<ref>[[Bernard D. Rostker]], [https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P8066/ Depleted Uranium, A Case Study of Good and Evil]. RAND Corporation.</ref>

A 2001 [[oncology]] study concluded that "the present scientific consensus is that DU exposure to humans, in locations where DU ammunition was deployed, is very unlikely to give rise to [[cancer induction]]".<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Depleted Uranium – A Health, Environmental or Societal Issue?
|author1 = Mc Laughin, James P.
|author2 = Waligorski, Michael P. R.
|journal = Archive of Oncology
|year = 2001
|volume = 9
|issue = 4
|page = 213
|url = http://www.onk.ns.ac.rs/archive/Vol9/PDFVol9/V9n4p213.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320193122/http://www.onk.ns.ac.rs/archive/Vol9/PDFVol9/V9n4p213.pdf
|archive-date = 20 March 2012}}</ref> Former [[NATO Secretary General]] [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|Lord Robertson]] stated in 2001 that "the existing medical consensus is clear. The hazard from depleted uranium is both very limited, and limited to very specific circumstances".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s010110a.htm |title=NATO Press Conference on Depleted Uranium |publisher=Nato.int |access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>

A 2002 study from the [[Australia]]n defense ministry concluded that "there has been no established increase in mortality or morbidity in workers exposed to uranium in uranium processing industries... studies of Gulf War veterans show that, in those who have retained fragments of depleted uranium following combat related injury, it has been possible to detect elevated urinary uranium levels, but no kidney toxicity or other adverse health effects related to depleted uranium after a decade of follow-up."<ref>[http://www.defence.gov.au/DPE/DHS/infocentre/publications/journals/NoIDs/adfhealth_sept02/ADFHealth_3_2_50-57.pdf Military medical aspects of depleted uranium munitions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719231030/http://www.defence.gov.au/DPE/DHS/infocentre/publications/journals/NoIDs/adfhealth_sept02/ADFHealth_3_2_50-57.pdf|date=19 July 2015}}.</ref> Pier Roberto Danesi, then-director of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) Seibersdorf +Laboratory, stated in 2002 that "There is a consensus now that DU does not represent a health threat".<ref name=Stone/>

The [[IAEA]] reported in 2003 that, "based on credible scientific evidence, there is no proven link between DU exposure and increases in human cancers or other significant health or environmental impacts," although "Like other [[heavy metals]], DU is potentially poisonous. In sufficient amounts, if DU is ingested or inhaled it can be harmful because of its chemical toxicity. High concentration could cause kidney damage." The IAEA concluded that, while depleted uranium is a potential [[carcinogen]], there is no evidence that it has been carcinogenic in humans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Features/DU/faq_depleted_uranium.shtml|title=IAEA Depleted Uranium Factsheet|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318003818/http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Features/DU/faq_depleted_uranium.shtml|archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

A 2005 study by the U.S. [[Sandia National Laboratory|Sandia National Laboratories']] Al Marshall used mathematical models to analyze potential health effects associated with accidental exposure to depleted uranium during the 1991 Gulf War. Marshall's study concluded that the reports of cancer risks from DU exposure are not supported by his analysis nor by veteran medical statistics. Marshall also examined possible genetic effects due to radiation from depleted uranium.<ref>[http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2005/def-nonprolif-sec/snl-dusand.pdf An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035816/http://www.sandia.gov/news-center/news-releases/2005/def-nonprolif-sec/snl-dusand.pdf|date=4 February 2012}}, Albert C. Marshall, Sandia National Laboratories.</ref> Chemical effects, including potential reproductive issues, associated with depleted uranium exposure were discussed in some detail in a subsequent journal paper.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marshall | first1 = A. C. | year = 2007| title = Gulf war depleted uranium risks | journal = Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology | volume = 18 | issue = 1| pages = 95–108 | doi = 10.1038/sj.jes.7500551 | pmid = 17299528 | doi-access = free }}</ref>