Editing Czech Republic (section)

=== Science ===
<!-- {{Main|Science of the Czech Republic}} -->
[[File:Heyrovsky Jaroslav.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Chemist [[Jaroslav Heyrovský]], Nobel Prize winner]]
The Czech lands have a long and well-documented history of scientific innovation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Czech Science: Past, Present, and Future |url=http://connect.ceitec.cz/science-and-society/czech-science-past-present-and-future/ |publisher=Ceitec Connect |website=connect.ceitec.cz/ |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Czech Footprint: Inventions and Inventors |url=https://www.skoda-storyboard.com/en/heritage/czech-footprint-inventions-and-inventors/ |date=16 November 2018 |newspaper=Škoda Storyboard |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Today, the Czech Republic has a highly sophisticated, developed, high-performing, innovation-oriented scientific community supported by the government,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpo.cz/assets/en/guidepost/for-the-media/press-releases/2019/5/NAIS_eng_web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.mpo.cz/assets/en/guidepost/for-the-media/press-releases/2019/5/NAIS_eng_web.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=National Artificial Intelligence Strategy of the Czech Republic |publisher=Ministry of Industry and Trade |website=www.mpo.cz |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> industry,<ref>{{cite web |title=Research and Development in the Czech Republic |url=http://www.czech-research.com|publisher=Czech Invest |website=www.czechinvest.org/en |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> and leading [[Czech Universities|universities]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Global Universities in the Czech Republic|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/czech-republic|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|website=www.usnews.com |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Czech scientists are embedded members of the global scientific community.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research News|url=https://gacr.cz/en/news|access-date=1 June 2021|website=gacr.cz/en |publisher=Grantová agentura České republiky}}</ref> They contribute annually to multiple international academic journals and collaborate with their colleagues across boundaries and fields.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exhibition traces Czech contribution to finding Amazon River source|url=https://english.radio.cz/exhibition-traces-czech-contribution-finding-amazon-river-source-8718816|access-date=1 June 2021|publisher=Radio Prague International|date=28 May 2021|website=www.czech.radio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Czech Republic, home of robotics|url=https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/czech-republic-home-robotics|access-date=1 June 2021|date=19 June 2012|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World success of Czech scientists: A breakthrough method can help in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or cancer|url=https://imtm.cz/world-success-czech-scientists-breakthrough-method-can-help-treatment-alzheimers-disease-or-cancer|access-date=1 June 2021|publisher=Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine|website=imtm.cz|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220026/https://imtm.cz/world-success-czech-scientists-breakthrough-method-can-help-treatment-alzheimers-disease-or-cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Czech and Slovak Freedom Lecture: The Role of Czech and International Scientists in the Fight Against the Pandemic|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/czech-and-slovak-freedom-lecture-role-czech-and-international-scientists-fight-against|access-date=1 June 2021|publisher=The Wilson Center|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|date=18 November 2020 }}</ref> The Czech Republic was ranked 24th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2020 and 2021, up from 26th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021  |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=wipo.int}}</ref>

Historically, the Czech lands, especially [[Prague]], have been the seat of scientific discovery going back to early modern times, including [[Tycho Brahe]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], and [[Johannes Kepler]]. In 1784 the scientific community was first formally organized under the charter of the [[Royal Czech Society of Sciences]]. Currently, this organization is known as the [[Czech Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Czech Academy of Sciences |url=https://www.avcr.cz/en |publisher=The Czech Academy of Sciences |website=www.avcr.cz |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Similarly, the Czech lands have a well-established history of scientists,<ref>{{cite web |title=Czech Made |url=https://english.radio.cz/czech-made-8705902 |publisher=Radio Prague International |date=19 January 2021 |website=www.czech.radio |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Czechoslovak Society of Arts & Sciences |url=https://www.svu2000.org|website=svu2000.org|publisher=Společnost pro vědy a umění|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> including Nobel laureates biochemists [[Gerty Cori|Gerty]] and [[Carl Ferdinand Cori]], chemists [[Jaroslav Heyrovský]] (inventor of [[polarography]], [[Analytical chemistry|electroanalytical chemistry]] and recipient of the Nobel Prize) and [[Otto Wichterle]] ([[chemist]]s responsible for the invention of the modern [[contact lens]] and silon-[[synthetic fiber]]), physicists [[Ernst Mach]] (physicist and critic of Newton's theories of space and time, foreshadowing Einstein's theory of relativity) and [[Peter Grünberg]], physiologist [[Jan Evangelista Purkyně]] and chemist [[Antonín Holý]] (scientist and chemist, in 2009 was involved in creation of the most effective drug in the treatment of AIDS),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eu2009.cz/en/czech-presidency/presidency-faces/faces-of-the-presidency-3642/ |title=Faces of the Presidency |accessdate=8 January 2009 |work=eu2009.cz |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119103222/http://www.eu2009.cz/en/czech-presidency/presidency-faces/faces-of-the-presidency-3642/ |archive-date=19 January 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All Nobel Prizes|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes|access-date=2 June 2021|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref> [[Sigmund Freud]], the founder of [[psychoanalysis]], was born in [[Příbor]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sigmund Freud {{!}} Biography, Theories, Works, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[Gregor Mendel]], the founder of [[genetics]], was born in [[Hynčice (Vražné)|Hynčice]] and spent most of his life in [[Brno]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857364787 |title=Solitude of a Humble Genius-- Gregor Johann Mendel. Volume 1, Formative years |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-35254-6 |editor-last=Klein |editor-first=Paul |location=Berlin |oclc=857364787}}</ref> logician and mathematician [[Kurt Gödel]] was born in Brno.
[[File:ELI Beamlines building in Dolní Břežany.jpg|thumb|Eli Beamlines Science Center with the most powerful laser in the world in [[Dolní Břežany]]]]

Other famous Czech scientists include: [[Stanislav Brebera]] (inventor of the [[plastic explosive]] [[Semtex]]),<ref>{{cite web | title=Velikáni české vědy | url=http://www.velikani-ceske-vedy.estranky.cz/clanky/biografie/stanislav-brebera |accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref> [[Václav Prokop Diviš]] (inventor of the first grounded [[lightning rod]]), [[Jakub Husník]] (improved the process of [[photolithography]]), [[Jan Janský]] (serologist and neurologist, discovered the [[ABO blood groups]]), [[Karel Klíč]] (painter and photographer, inventor of the [[photogravure]]), [[František Křižík]] (electrical engineer, inventor of the [[arc lamp]]), [[Jan Marek Marci]] (mathematician, physicist and imperial physician, one of the founders of [[spectroscopy]]),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burns|first1=Thorburn|editor1-last=Burgess|editor1-first=C.|editor2-last=Mielenz|editor2-first=K. D.|title=Advances in Standards and Methodology in Spectrophotometry|date=1987|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-444-59905-6|page=1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rg7AAAAQBAJ&dq=Marci&pg=PA1|chapter=Aspects of the development of colorimetric analysis and quantitative molecular spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible region}}</ref> [[Vladimír Remek]] (the first person outside of the Soviet Union and the United States to go into space), [[Jakub Kryštof Rad]] (inventor of [[sugar]] cubes), [[Josef Ressel]] (inventor of the [[propeller|screw propeller]] and [[Protractor compass|modern compass]]).<ref name="science1">{{cite journal|url=http://www.czech.cz/en/economy-business-science/science/ingenious-inventions?i=1 |title=Ingenious inventions |journal=Physics World |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=45 |accessdate=24 March 2009 |url-status=deviated |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324033030/http://www.czech.cz/en/economy-business-science/science/ingenious-inventions?i=1 |archivedate=24 March 2009 |df=dmy |bibcode=2018PhyW...31i..45C |last1=Commissariat |first1=Tushna |year=2018 |doi=10.1088/2058-7058/31/9/35 }}. Czech.cz. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</ref>

Historically, most scientific research was recorded in Latin, but from the 18th century onwards increasingly in German and Czech, archived in libraries supported and managed by religious groups and other denominations as evidenced by historical locations of international renown and heritage such as the [[Strahov Monastery]] and the [[Clementinum]] in [[Prague]]. Increasingly, Czech scientists publish their work and that of their history in English.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Psychology in the Czech lands: Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, and the Czech Republic |journal=International Journal of Psychology |year=2020 |pmid=31304980 |last1=Klicperová-Baker |first1=M. |last2=Hoskovcová |first2=S. |last3=Heller |first3=D. |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=133–143 |doi=10.1002/ijop.12607 |s2cid=196613980 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Research and Innovation Ranking |url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?country=CZE |publisher=Scimago Institutions Rankings |website=www.scimagoir.com |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>

The current important scientific institution is the already mentioned [[Czech Academy of Sciences|Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic]], the [[Central European Institute of Technology|CEITEC]] Institute in [[Brno]] or the [[HiLASE]] and [[Eli Beamlines]] centers with the most powerful laser in the world in [[Dolní Břežany]]. Prague is the seat of the administrative center of the GSA Agency operating the European navigation system [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] and the [[European Union Agency for the Space Programme]].