Editing Cranberry (section)

== Marketing and economics ==

===United States===
Cranberry sales in the United States have traditionally been associated with holidays of [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] and Christmas.
[[File:Annual Crops of Cranberries, 1907 to 1935, American Cranberry Exchange.png|thumb|left|Annual U.S. crops of cranberries, 1907 to 1935]]
In the U.S., large-scale cranberry cultivation has been developed as opposed to other countries. American cranberry growers have a long history of cooperative marketing. As early as 1904, John Gaynor, a Wisconsin grower, and A.U. Chaney, a fruit broker from Des Moines, Iowa, organized Wisconsin growers into a cooperative called the Wisconsin Cranberry Sales Company to receive a uniform price from buyers. Growers in New Jersey and Massachusetts were also organized into cooperatives, creating the National Fruit Exchange that marketed fruit under the [[Eatmor]] brand. The success of cooperative marketing almost led to its failure. With consistent and high prices, area and production doubled between 1903 and 1917 and prices fell.

With surplus cranberries and changing American households some enterprising growers began canning cranberries that were below-grade for fresh market. Competition between canners was fierce because profits were thin. The [[Ocean Spray (cooperative)|Ocean Spray]] cooperative was established in 1930 through a merger of three primary processing companies: Ocean Spray Preserving company, Makepeace Preserving Co, and Cranberry Products Co. The new company was called Cranberry Canners, Inc. and used the Ocean Spray label on their products. Since the new company represented over 90% of the market, it would have been illegal under American antitrust laws had attorney John Quarles not found an exemption for [[agricultural cooperative]]s. {{as of|2006}}, about 65% of the North American industry belongs to the Ocean Spray cooperative.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.umass.edu/resec/sites/default/files/19cranberryjan06_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024004/http://www.umass.edu/resec/sites/default/files/19cranberryjan06_0.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live |title=The Cranberry Industry and Ocean Spray Cooperative: Lessons in Cooperative Governance}}</ref>

In 1958, Morris April Brothers—who produced Eatmor brand cranberry sauce in Tuckahoe, New Jersey—brought an action against Ocean Spray for violation of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] and won $200,000 in real damages plus triple damages,{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} just in time for the [[Cranberry scare of 1959|Great Cranberry Scare]]: on 9 November 1959, Secretary of the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] [[Arthur S. Flemming]] announced that some of the 1959 cranberry crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide [[aminotriazole]]. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars.<ref name="zeldes" /> However, the scare taught the industry that they could not be completely dependent on the holiday market for their products; they had to find year-round markets for their fruit. They also had to be exceedingly careful about their use of pesticides. After the aminotriazole scare, Ocean Spray reorganized and spent substantial sums on product development. New products such as cranberry-apple juice blends were introduced, followed by other juice blends.

Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s. Prices peaked at about $65.00 per barrel ({{convert|0.65|$/lb|$/kg|2 |disp=or}})—a cranberry barrel equals {{convert|100|lb|kg |sigfig=3 |disp=or|abbr=off}}—in 1996 then fell to $18.00 per barrel ({{convert|0.18|$/lb|$/kg|2|disp=or}}) in 2001. The cause for the precipitous drop was classic oversupply. Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Cranberry handlers (processors) include [[Ocean Spray (cooperative)|Ocean Spray]], [[Cliffstar|Cliffstar Corporation]], Northland Cranberries Inc. (Sun Northland LLC), Clement Pappas & Co., and Decas Cranberry Products as well as a number of small handlers and processors.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Roper TR, Vorsa N |chapter=Cranberry: Botany and Horticulture |editor=Janick J |title=Horticultural Reviews |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1997 |pages=215–6 |isbn=978-0-471-18907-7 |chapter-url=http://www.pubhort.org/hr/hr21/HR_21_07_00000000.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614123603/http://www.pubhort.org/hr/hr21/HR_21_07_00000000.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Cranberry Marketing Committee====
The Cranberry Marketing Committee is an organization that was established in 1962 as a Federal Marketing Order to ensure a stable, orderly supply of good quality product.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About CMC » Cranberry Marketing Committee|url=https://www.uscranberries.com/about-cmc/|access-date=25 December 2021|website=Cranberry Marketing Committee|language=en-US|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225150024/https://www.uscranberries.com/about-cmc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The order has been renewed and modified slightly over the years. The market order has been invoked during six crop years: 1962 (12%), 1963 (5%), 1970 (10%), 1971 (12%), 2000 (15%), and 2001 (35%). Even though supply still exceeds demand, there is little will to invoke the Federal Marketing Order out of the realization that any pullback in supply by U.S. growers would easily be filled by Canadian production.

The Cranberry Marketing Committee, based in Wareham, Massachusetts, represents more than 1,100 cranberry growers and 60 cranberry handlers across Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and New York ([[Long Island]]). The authority for the actions taken by the Cranberry Marketing Committee is provided in Chapter IX, Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations which is called the Federal Cranberry Marketing Order. The Order is part of the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937, identifying cranberries as a commodity good that can be regulated by Congress.  The Federal Cranberry Marketing Order has been altered over the years to expand the Cranberry Marketing Committee's ability to develop projects in the United States and around the world. The Cranberry Marketing Committee currently runs promotional programs in the United States, China, India, Mexico, Pan-Europe, and South Korea.

===International trade===
{{as of|2016}}, the European Union was the largest importer of American cranberries, followed individually by Canada, China, Mexico, and South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cranberries: No Longer Just an American Tradition|url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/cranberries-no-longer-just-american-tradition|publisher=Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=4 November 2017|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> From 2013 to 2017, U.S. cranberry exports to China grew exponentially, making China the second largest country importer, reaching $36&nbsp;million in cranberry products.<ref>{{cite news |title= Beyond Thanksgiving: The Humble Cranberry Takes Root in China |publisher= The Wall Street Journal|location= New York |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/beyond-thanksgiving-the-humble-cranberry-takes-root-in-china-1509793203|author=Jennifer Levitz|date=4 November 2017|access-date=4 November 2017}}</ref> The [[China–United States trade war]] resulted in many Chinese businesses cutting off ties with their U.S. cranberry suppliers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/10/06/763463639/how-the-trade-war-crushed-a-growing-chinese-market-for-u-s-cranberries|title=How The Trade War Crushed A Growing Chinese Market For U.S. Cranberries|last=Ma|first=Adrian|date=6 October 2019|work=NPR News|language=en|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>