Editing Conservatism (section)

==== Japan ====
{{Main|Conservatism in Japan}}
{{Conservatism in Japan}}
Conservatism has been the dominant political ideology throughout modern Japanese history.<ref>{{cite book |title=How the Conservatives Rule Japan |author-last=Thayer |author-first=N. B. |isbn=9781400871414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZh9BgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pempel |first=T. J. |title=Policy and Politics in Japan: Creative Conservatism |date=1982 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-0-87722-250-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwBhQgAACAAJ}}</ref> The right-wing conservative [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] has been the dominant ruling party since 1955, often referred to as the [[1955 System]].{{sfn|Heywood|2017|pp=63–64}} Therefore, some experts consider Japan a democratically elected [[one-party state]] since the populace always votes for the same conservative party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Japan as a One-Party State: The Future for Koizumi and Beyond |publisher=Wilson Center |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/japan-one-party-state-the-future-for-koizumi-and-beyond |access-date=April 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215044435/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/japan-one-party-state-the-future-for-koizumi-and-beyond |archive-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>

Up until 1868, Japan was largely a [[Feudalism|feudal]] state ruled by members of the aristocratic [[Samurai]] order with its ''[[bushido]]'' code of honor. In the [[Meiji era]], a process of modernization, industrialization, and nationalization was initiated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=June 26, 2024 |title=Conservatism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/conservatism/Conservatism-since-the-turn-of-the-20th-century |access-date=August 18, 2024 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Vritannica}}</ref> Power struggles between the old decentralized Samurai aristocracy and the new centralized imperial monarchy culminated in the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] in 1877 with imperial victory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mounsey |first=Augustus |title=The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History |year=1879}}</ref> During the era of [[World War II]], Japan was transformed into an ultranationalist, imperialist state that conquered much of east and southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1930s Japan: A Time of Turmoil and Transformation |url=https://wrightwood659.org/resources/1930s-japan-a-time-of-turmoil-and-transformation/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Wrightwood 659}}</ref> Contemporary conservatives, notably during the second premiership of [[Shinzo Abe]] from 2012 to 2020, advocate for revising the country's constitution, particularly [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution|Article 9]] which renounces war and prohibits Japan from maintaining a military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sieg |first=Linda |date=November 19, 2019 |title=Mission unaccomplished — Abe's drive to revise pacifist Constitution |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/11/19/national/politics-diplomacy/shinzo-abe-revise-constitution/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |website=The Japan Times}}</ref>

Japan is the oldest continuing monarchy in the history of mankind, with [[Naruhito]] currently serving as [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2016 |title=5 Things to know about Japan's emperor and imperial family |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/5-things-to-know-about-japans-emperor-and-imperial-family/ |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref> In accordance with the principle of monarchy, Japanese society has an authoritarian family structure with a traditionalist fatherly authority that is primarily transferred to the oldest son.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Todd |author-first=Emmanuel |title=The Explanation of Ideology: Family Structures and Social Systems |publisher=Blackwell |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xk-EzQEACAAJ}}</ref>

[[Anti-communism#Japan and Manchukuo|Anti-communist]] and [[Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan|anti-Chinese sentiment]] is widespread in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2017 |title=Overview of the Public Opinion Survey on Diplomacy (page 4) |url=https://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h29/h29-gaiko/summary.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301153811/https://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h29/h29-gaiko/summary.pdf |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |website=Public Relations Office, Government of Japan}}</ref> In 1925 the [[Peace Preservation Law]] was enacted with the aim of allowing the [[Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu|Special Higher Police]] to suppress socialists and communists more effectively.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=McClain |author-first=James L. |title=Japan: A Modern History |date=2002 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0393041565 |page=390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvuDPwAACAAJ}}</ref> In 1936 the [[Empire of Japan]] and [[Nazi Germany]] opposed the [[Communist International]] by signing the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]]—a pact later joined by the [[Kingdom of Italy]], [[Francoist Spain]], and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waddington |first=Lorna L. |date=2007 |title=The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=573–594 |doi=10.1177/0022009407081488}}</ref> The Japanese term ''[[tenkō]]'' refers to the coerced ideological conversions of Japanese socialists who were induced to renounce leftist ideology and enthusiastically embrace the monarchist, capitalist, and imperialist ideology favored by the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kapur |first=Nick |date=2018 |title=The Empire Strikes Back? : The 1968 Meiji Centennial Celebrations and the Revival of Japanese Nationalism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10371397.2018.1543533 |journal=Japanese Studies |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=307 |doi=10.1080/10371397.2018.1543533}}</ref> In the late 1940s and early 1950s, during the [[Red Purge]], tens of thousands of supporters of left-wing groups, especially those affiliated with the [[Japanese Communist Party]], were removed from their jobs in government, schools, and universities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kapur |first=Nick |year=2018 |title=Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674984424 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ |page=10}}</ref>

''[[Nippon Kaigi]]'' is an ultraconservative and ultranationalist organization that exerts a significant influence over contemporary Japanese politics. In 2014, a majority of [[National Diet]] members were part of the group. Many ministers and a few prime ministers, including [[Fumio Kishida]], [[Tarō Asō]], [[Shinzō Abe]], and [[Yoshihide Suga]], have been members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 4, 2014 |title=Abe's reshuffle promotes right-wingers |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2014/09/04/politics/Abes-reshuffle-promotes-rightwingers/2994558.html |access-date=April 19, 2024 |website=koreajoongangdaily.joins.com}}</ref>

A highly developed and industrialized nation, Japan is more capitalistic and Western-oriented than other Asian nations. Therefore, some experts consider Japan part of the [[Western world]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2021 |title=The Western World |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/list-of-western-countries.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> In 1960 [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan|a treaty]] was signed that established [[U.S.–Japan Alliance|a military alliance between the United States and Japan]]. However, the ultraconservative reactionary traditionalist [[Yukio Mishima]] feared that his fellow Japanese were too enamored of modernization and Western-style capitalism to protect traditional [[Japanese culture]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Inose |first1=Naoki |title=Persona: A Biography of Yukio Mishima. |last2=Sato |first2=Hiroaki |publisher=Stone Bridge Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61172-524-7 |pages=521–522}}</ref>
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