Editing Closed-circuit television (section)

== Technological developments ==
[[File:closed.circuit.camera.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|Surveillance camera at [[Heathrow Airport|London Heathrow Airport]] with a wiper for clear images during rain]]

=== Computer-controlled identification ===
Computer-controlled cameras can identify, [[video tracking|track]], and categorize objects in their field of view.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=2018-01-23 |title=Artificial intelligence is going to supercharge surveillance |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/23/16907238/artificial-intelligence-surveillance-cameras-security |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> [[Video content analysis]], also referred to as video analytics, is the capability of automatically analyzing [[video]] to detect and determine temporal events not based on a single image but rather on [[object classification]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=2018 9th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS) : 3-5 April 2018, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.|others=Jordan University of Science & Technology, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Jordan Section, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|year=2018 |isbn=9781538643662|location=Piscataway, New Jersey}}</ref> Advanced VCA applications can measure object speed. Some video analytics applications can be used to apply rules to designated areas. These rules can relate to access control. For example, they can describe which objects can enter into a specific area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mate.co.il/page.asp?newsid=53&type=6&cat=28&lang=1|title=MATE's Analytics Integrate with Hirsch Security Systems|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-date=16 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216014657/http://www.mate.co.il/page.asp?newsid=53&type=6&cat=28&lang=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are different approaches to implementing VCA technology. Data may be processed on the camera itself ([[Edge computing|edge processing]]) or by a centralized server.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Image Processing Techniques for Video Content Extraction |url=http://www.ercim.eu/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS4/oliveira.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ercim.eu/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS4/oliveira.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> [[Artificial intelligence]]-powered CCTV cameras have also been further tested to detect congestion,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Indra Bayu Pangestu |last2=Maimunah |first2=Maimunah |last3=Mukhtar Hanafi |date=2024-09-30 |title=Traffic Congestion Detection Using YOLOv8 Algorithm With CCTV Data |journal=PIKSEL: Penelitian Ilmu Komputer Sistem Embedded and Logic |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=435–444 |doi=10.33558/piksel.v12i2.9953 |issn=2620-3553|doi-access=free }}</ref> be used as a facial recognition system, and predict signs of criminal activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2024 |title=CCTV Surveillance Systems |url=https://communications.itas-egy.com/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=itas communications |language=en}}</ref>

=== Compression ===
There is a cost in the retention of the images produced by CCTV systems. The amount and quality of data stored on storage media is subject to compression ratios, images stored per second, and image size, and is affected by the retention period of the videos or images.<ref name="JVSG Video Compression Guide 2010">{{cite web|title= MotionJPEG, JPEG2000, H.264 and MPEG-4 compression methods in CCTV|access-date=2011-05-01|url=http://www.jvsg.com/cctv-compression-guide/}}</ref> DVRs store images in a variety of [[proprietary file format]]s. CCTV security cameras can either store the images on a local hard disk drive, an SD card, or in the cloud. Recordings may be retained for a preset amount of time and then automatically archived, overwritten, or deleted, the period being determined by the organisation that generated them.

=== IP cameras ===
{{Main|IP camera}}
[[File:Intellinet Network Solutions NSC11-WN Home Network IP Camera.jpg|thumb|A wireless [[IP camera]]]]
A growing branch in CCTV is ''internet protocol'' cameras (IP cameras). It is estimated that 2014 was the first year that IP cameras outsold analog cameras.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2013 |title=Global value of IP camera sales now close to 50% of CCTV cameras sold, but... |url=http://www.networkwebcams.co.uk/blog/2013/12/19/the-global-value-of-ip-camera-sales-is-close-to-50-of-total-cctv-cameras-sold-worldwide-but-they-are-not-yet-plug-and-play/ |website=Network Webcams}}</ref> IP cameras use the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) used by most [[local area network]]s (LANs) to transmit video across data networks in digital form. IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing users to view their cameras remotely on a computer or phone via an internet connection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remote Escort |url=https://www.securitasinc.com/services/remote-guarding/remote-escort/ |website=Securitas |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> IP cameras are considered part of the [[Internet of things]] ([[Internet of things|IoT]]) and have many of the same benefits and security risks as other IP-enabled devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/mx/security/news/internet-of-things/securing-ip-surveillance-cameras-in-the-iot-ecosystem|title=Securing IP Surveillance Cameras in the IoT Ecosystem - Noticias de seguridad - Trend Micro MX|website=www.trendmicro.com|language=es|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref> [[Smart doorbell]]s are one example of a type of CCTV that uses IP to allow it to send alerts.

Main types of IP cameras include fixed cameras, [[Pan–tilt–zoom camera|pan–tilt–zoom]] (PTZ) cameras, and multi-sensor cameras.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/selecting-most-suitable-cameras/ |title= Selecting the most suitable cameras to monitor large areas |website= internationalsecurityjournal.com |date= 19 November 2020 |publisher= International Security Journal |access-date= 2021-06-23}}</ref> Fixed cameras' resolution typically does not exceed 20 [[Pixel|megapixels]]. The main feature of a PTZ is its remote directional and [[Zoom lens|optical zoom]] capability. With multi-sensor cameras, wider areas can be monitored. Industrial video surveillance systems use [[network video recorder]]s to support IP cameras. These devices are responsible for the recording, storage, video stream processing, and alarm management. Since 2008, IP video surveillance manufacturers can use a standardized network interface ([[ONVIF]]) to support compatibility between systems.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ifsecglobal.com/onvif/ |title= ONVIF: a guide to the open security platform |website= ifsecglobal.com |publisher= IFSEC Global |access-date= 2021-06-23}}</ref> For professional or public infrastructure security applications, IP video is restricted to within a private network or [[VPN]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dispelling the Top 10 Myths of IP Surveillance |url=http://www.axis.com/files/articles/ar_10myths_secinfowatch_us_0512.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.axis.com/files/articles/ar_10myths_secinfowatch_us_0512.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref>

=== Networking CCTV cameras ===
The city of [[Chicago]] operates a networked video surveillance system which combines CCTV video feeds of government agencies with those of the private sector, installed in city buses, businesses, public schools, subway stations, housing projects, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=The City of Chicago's OEMC and IBM Launch Advanced Video Surveillance System|url=http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22385.wss|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524151923/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/22385.wss|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2009|website=IBM News Room}}</ref> Even homeowners are able to contribute footage. It is estimated to incorporate the video feeds of a total of 15,000 cameras.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756|title=Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere|author=William M. Bulkeley|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The system is used by Chicago's [[Office of Emergency Management]] in case of an emergency call: it detects the caller's location and instantly displays the real-time video feed of the nearest security camera to the operator, not requiring any user intervention. While the system is far too vast to allow complete real-time monitoring, it stores the video data for use as evidence in criminal cases.<ref>"[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704538404574539910412824756 Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere]", The Wall Street Journal</ref>

=== Wireless security cameras ===
{{Main|Wireless security camera}}
[[File:Lorex digital wireless camera.jpg|thumb|[[Wireless security camera]]]]
Many consumers are turning to wireless security cameras for home surveillance. Wireless cameras do not require a video cable for video/audio transmission, simply a cable for power. Wireless cameras are also easy and inexpensive to install.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCTV Camera Installation Guide |url=https://is3tech.com/commercial-security-camera-systems/cloud-based |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=iS3 Tech}}</ref> Previous generations of wireless security cameras relied on analogue technology; modern wireless cameras use digital technology with usually more secure and interference-free signals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Digital Video Essentials: Shoot, Transfer, Edit, Share By Erica Sadun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_yb92nsqnUC&q=video+digital+vs+analog&pg=PA3|access-date=16 October 2013|isbn=9780470113196|last1=Sadun|first1=Erica|date=26 December 2006| publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref> [[Wireless mesh network]]s have been used for connection with the other radios in the same group.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Caputo |first=Tony C. |title=Digital video surveillance and security |date=2010 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |isbn=978-0-08-096169-9 |location=Burlington, MA |pages=146–149}}</ref> There are also cameras using solar power. Wireless IP cameras can become a client on the [[Wireless LAN|WLAN]], and they can be configured with encryption and [[authentication protocol]]s with a connection to an [[Wireless access point|access point]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Talking CCTV ===
{{main|Talking CCTV}}
In [[Wiltshire]], United Kingdom, in 2003, a [[Pilot experiment|pilot scheme]] for what is now known as "Talking CCTV" was put into action, allowing operators of CCTV cameras to communicate through the camera via a speaker when it is needed. In 2005, [[Ray Mallon]], the mayor and former senior police officer of [[Middlesbrough]], implemented "Talking CCTV" in his area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tees/5353538.stm|title=Town trials talking CCTV cameras|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2006}}</ref> Other towns have had such cameras installed. In 2007, several of the devices were installed in [[Bridlington]] town centre, [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/humber/6492925.stm|title='Talking' CCTV cameras are tested|work=BBC News|date=25 March 2007}}</ref>