Editing Clitic (section)

==Other languages==
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: Suffixes standing for direct object pronouns and/or indirect object pronouns (as found in Indo-European languages) are suffixed to verbs, possessive determiners are suffixed to nouns, and pronouns are suffixed to particles.
*[[Australian Aboriginal languages]]: Many Australian languages use [[Personal pronoun#Free vs. Bound Pronouns|bound pronoun]] enclitics to mark inanimate [[Argument (linguistics)|arguments]] and, in many [[Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] languages like [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]], animate arguments as well. Pronominal enclitics may also mark [[Possessive (linguistics)|possession]] and other less common argument structures like causal and reciprocal arguments (see [[Pintupi dialect|Pintupi]]<ref>Blake, Barry J. 2014. ''Australian Aboriginal Grammar'' (ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: LINGUISTICS). Vol. Volume 52. Oxon: Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317918325  (11 June 2020).</ref>). In some Australian languages, case markers also seem to operate like special clitics since they are distributed at the phrasal instead of word level (indeed, clitics have been referred to as "phrasal [[affix]]es"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson, Stephen R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60776789|title=Aspects of the theory of clitics|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University|isbn=978-0-19-927990-6|location=New York|oclc=60776789}}</ref>) see for example in [[Wangkatja language|Wangkatja]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shoulson|first=Oliver|date=2019|title=Case Suffixes as Special Clitics in Wangkatja|url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.10204.00649|language=en|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.10204.00649}}</ref>
*[[Finnish language|Finnish]]: Finnish has seven clitics, which change according to the [[Vowel harmony#Finnish|vowel harmony]]: ''-kO'' (''-ko ~ -kö''), ''-kA'' (''-ka ~ -kä''), ''-kin'', ''-kAAn'' (''-kaan ~ -kään''), ''-pA'' (''-pa'' ~ ''-pä''), ''-hAn'' (''-han ~ -hän'') and ''-s''. One word can have multiple clitics attached to it: ''on'''kohan'''?'' "'''I wonder''' '''if''' it is?"
**''-kO'' attached to a verb makes it a question. It is used in yes/no questions: ''Katsot televisiota'' "You are watching television" → ''Katsot'''ko''' televisiota?'' "Are you watching television?". It can also be added to words that are not verbs but the emphasis changes: ''Televisiota'''ko''' katsot?'' "Is it television you're watching?", ''Sinä'''kö''' katsot televisiota?'' "Is it you who is watching television?"
**''-kA'' gives the host word a colloquial tone: ''miten'' ~ ''miten'''kä''''' ("how"). When attached to a [[Negative verb#Finnish|negative verb]] it corresponds with "and": ''En pidä mansikoista en'''kä''' mustikoista'' "I don't like strawberries '''nor''' blueberries". It can also make a negative verb stronger: ''En'''kä''' tule!'' "I '''definitely''' won't come!"
**''-kin'' is a focus particle, often used instead of ''myös'' ("also" / "as well"): ''Minä'''kin''' olin siellä'' "I was there, too". Depending on the context when attached to a verb it can also express that something happened according to the plan or as a surprise and not according to the plan. It can also make exclamations stronger. It can be attached to several words in the same sentence, changing the focus of the host word, but can only appear once per sentence: ''Minä'''kin''' olin siellä'' ("'''I, too,''' was there"), ''Minä olin'''kin''' siellä'' ("'''Surprisingly''', I '''was''' there" or "'''As expected''', I '''was''' there"), ''Minä olin siellä'''kin''''' ("I was '''there''' '''as well'''")
**''-kAAn'' is also a focus particle and it corresponds with ''-kin'' in negative sentences: ''Minä'''kään''' en ollut siellä'' "I wasn't there '''either'''". Like ''-kin'' it can be attached to several host words in the same sentence. The only word it cannot be attached to is a negative verb. In questions it acts as a confirmation, like the word ''again'' in English: ''Missä sanoit'''kaan''' asuvasi?'' "Where did you say you lived '''again'''?"
**''-pA'' is a tone particle which can either add an arguing or patronising tone, or strengthen the host word:  ''Minä'''pä''' tiedän paremmin!'' "Well, I know better!", ''On'''pa''' kaunis kissa!'' "'''Wow''' what a beautiful cat!", ''No, kerro'''pa''', miksi teit sen!'' "Well, go ahead and tell why you did it"
**''-hAn'' is also a tone particle. In interrogative sentences  it can make the question more polite and not as pressing: ''Onko'''han''' isäsi kotona?'' "('''I wonder''' if your dad is at home?" In command phrases it makes the command softer: ''Tule'''han''' tänne'' "Come here '''you'''". It can also make a sentence more explanatory, make a claim more self-evident, express that something happened according to one's expectations, or that something came as a surprise etc. ''Pekka tuntee minut, on'''han''' hän minun opettajani'' "Pekka knows me, he is my teacher '''after all'''", ''Kaikki'''han''' niin tekevät'' "Everyone does that '''after all'''", ''Maija'''han''' se siinä!'' "Well, if it isn't Maija!" ''Luulin, ettette osaisi, mutta te'''hän''' puhutte suomea hyvin'' "I thought you wouldn't be able to, but you speak Finnish well"
** ''-s'' is a tone particle as well. It can also be used as a mitigating or softening phrase like ''-hAn'': ''Anniko'''s''' se on?'' "'''Oh, but''' isn't it Anni?", ''Tule'''s''' tänne'' "Come here, '''you'''", ''Miksikä'''s''' ei?'' "'''Well''', why not?", ''Paljonko'''s''' kello on?'' "'''Say,''' what time it is?"
*[[Ganda language|Ganda]]: ''-nga'' attached to a verb to form the [[progressive aspect|progressive]]; ''-wo'' 'in' (also attached to a verb)
*[[Georgian language|Georgian]]: Georgian has several clitics, that are used for paraphrasing, emphasis, question, focus, etc.
**-ო ''-o'' (2nd and 3rd person, as well as 1st person plural speakers), -მეთქი ''-metki'' (1st person speakers), and -თქო -tko (colloquial misspelling of თქვა ''tkva'' "they said", 3rd person singular form of the verb თქმა ''tkma'' "to say") are used once in a sentence and preferably attach to the last word of what someone else said to show reported speech. -მეთქი is used when repeating own words and is separated by a hyphen: ''ხომ მოგწერე, პური ვიყიდე-'''მეთქი''' khom mogts'ere, p'uri viq'ide-'''metki''''' "I told you I bought bread". -თქო is exclusively used when speaker (1st person) is asking a listener (2nd person) to convey their words to someone else (3rd person), and is also separated by a hyphen: ''ნინო, ანას უთხარი, ბებია გეძახის-'''თქო''' nino, anas utkhari, bebia gedzakhis-'''tko''''' "Nino, tell Anne I'm calling her". -ო has multiple uses. Usually, it reports a speech of 2nd and 3rd person singular speakers: ''ხომ თქვი, კინოში მივდივარ'''ო''' khom tkvi, k'inoshi mivdivar'''o''''' "you said you were going to the cinema" (2nd person); ''გიოს მეგობარმა დაურეკა, თეატრში წავიდეთ'''ო''' gios megobarma daurek'a, teat'rshi ts'avidet'''o''''' "A friend called Gio and said "let's go to the theater" (3rd person). It is also used when reporting a speech of 1st person plural speakers: ''მეგობრებს ვპატიჟობდით, საღამოს გვესტუმრეთ'''ო''' megobrebs vp'at'izhobdit, saghamos gvest'umret'''o''''' "we were inviting our friends and asking them to visit us on the evening". The -ო particle is never separated from a host word.
**-ც -''ts'' is a focus particle meaning "also" or "as well": ''მე'''ც''' მინდა თქვენთან ერთად პარკში წამოსვლა me'''ts''' minda tkventan ertad p'ark'shi ts'amosvla'' "I want to go to the park together with you too". -ც is also frequently used in a combination with an emphasis particle კი ''k'i'' → ''მე'''ც კი''' მინდა წამოსვლა me'''ts k'i''' minda ts'amosvla'' "even I want to come".
**-ღა ''-gha'' is an intensifier particle, that can also mean "only", "already" or "again". <!-- hide this example until someone can make the style-toggles work right: ''მე'''ღა''' სად წავიდე? me'''gha''' sad ts{{'}}avide?'' "where should I go?". --> ''ეს'''ღა''' მაკლია es'''gha''' mak'lia''' "just what I needed/I don't need this at all". ''ერთი ფანქარი'''ღა''' დამრჩა erti pankari'''gha''' damrcha'' "I have only one pencil left".
**-მე -''me'' and -ღაც(ა) -''ghats(a)'' are particles, that form indefinite pronominal adjectives and adverbs: ''ვინ'''მე''' vin'''me''''' "somebody", ''სად'''მე''' sad'''me''''' "wherever", ''როგორ'''მე''' rogor'''me''''' "however", ''რამდენი'''მე''' ramdeni'''me''''' "a few", ''რა'''მე''' ra'''me''''' "something" and ''რა'''ღაც(ა)''' ra'''ghats(a)''''' "something", ''ვი'''ღაც(ა)''' vi'''ghats(a)''''' "someone", ''სად'''ღაც''' sad'''ghats''''' "somewhere", ''საიდან'''ღაც''' saidan'''ghats''''' "from somewhere", ''რომელი'''ღაც''' romeli'''ghats''''' "some kind" etc.
*[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: the marker of indirect questions is ''-e:'' ''Nem tudja még, jön'''-e'''.'' "He doesn't know yet '''if''' he'll come." This clitic can also mark direct questions with a falling intonation. ''Is'' ("as well") and ''se'' ("not... either") also function as clitics: although written separately, they are pronounced together with the preceding word, without stress: ''Ő is jön.'' "He'll come too." ''Ő sem jön.'' "He won't come, either."
*[[Korean language|Korean]]: The copula [[wikt:이다|이다]] (''ida'') and the adjectival [[wikt:하다|하다]] (''hada''), as well as some nominal and verbal particles (e.g. [[wikt:는|는]], ''neun'').<ref>
{{cite journal
 |last        = Chae
 |first       = Hee-Rahk
 |year        = 1995
 |title       = Clitic Analyses of Korean "Little Words"
 |journal     = Language, Information and Computation Proceedings of the 10th Pacific Asia Conference
 |pages       = 97–102
 |url         = http://www.oasis.go.kr/ctrlu?cmd=resource-downview&type=resource&old_flag=N&FN=maincc.hufs.ac.kr%2F_hrchae%2F6publi.htm&resourceNo=95577
 |access-date  = 2007-03-28
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120207234322/http://www.oasis.go.kr/ctrlu?cmd=resource-downview&type=resource&old_flag=N&FN=maincc.hufs.ac.kr%2F_hrchae%2F6publi.htm&resourceNo=95577
 |archive-date = 2012-02-07
}}
</ref> However, alternative analysis suggests that the nominal particles do not function as clitics, but as phrasal affixes.<ref name=uiuc_Korean_particles>{{cite web
| url = http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jyoon/Papers/Affix-order-final-single.pdf
| title = Non-morphological Determination of Nominal Particle Ordering in Korean
| author = James Hye Suk Yoon
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013419/http://www.linguistics.uiuc.edu/jyoon/Papers/Affix-order-final-single.pdf
| archive-date = 2007-09-27
}}</ref>
*[[Somali language|Somali]]: pronominal clitics, either subject or object clitics, are required in Somali. These exist as simple clitics postponed to the noun they apply to. Lexical arguments can be omitted from sentences, but pronominal clitics cannot be.<ref>Mereu, Lunella. "Agreement, Pronominalization, and Word Order in Pragmatically-Oriented Languages." Boundaries of Morphology and Syntax. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins, 1999. N. pag. Print.</ref> 
*[[Turkish language|Turkish]]: there are some clitics which are independent words, while others are suffixes: the clitic ''mI'' (realised as ''mi, mı, mu,'' or ''mü'' depending on vowel harmony) is used to form yes/no questions, such as ''iyi mi?'' "is it good?". It can be inflected by person: ''iyi misin?'' "are you good?". The clitic ''dA'' (realised as ''da'' or ''de'') means "too", "as well" or "also": ''Sen de iyi misin?'' means "are you also good?". However, this word must be pronounced and written carefully, as the -''dA'' (another clitic) suffix creates the [[locative case]]: ''o da'' means "him too", but ''oda'' means "room"; ''oda da'' means "the room too" and ''odada'' means in the room. Verbal clitics also exist, for pronouns as well as for certain meanings like "if" (''-sa'') or "can" (''-Abil''). Pronominal clitics make pronouns redundant in most situations.