Editing Cilicia (section)

=== Ottoman period ===
In 1516, [[Selim I]] incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|conquest of the Mamluk state]]. The [[bey]]s of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman [[sanjak]] of [[Adana]] in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the area serving as a vassal of the Ottomans.<ref>Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KURT, "Ramazanoğulları’nın Sonu: Adana’da Çemşid Bey İsyȃnı (1606–1607)", Tarihin İçinden, Ankara Üniversitesi</ref>
[[File:CUINET(1892) 2.017 Adana Vilayet.jpg|thumb|left|175px| [[Adana Vilayet]] in 1892]]

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] ended the Ramadanid administration of Adana sanjak in 1608, ruling it directly from Constantinople then after. The autonomous sanjak was then split from the [[Aleppo Eyalet]] and established as a new province under the name of [[Adana Eyalet]]. A governor was appointed to administer the province. In late 1832, [[Egypt Eyalet|Eyalet of Egypt]] [[Wali (administrative title)|Vali]] [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] invaded [[Syria]], and reached Cilicia. The [[Convention of Kütahya]] that was signed on 14 May 1833, ceded Cilicia to the ''de facto'' independent [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]].

[[Alawites]] brought to Cilicia from Syria to work at the flourishing agricultural lands. İbrahim Paşa, the son of Muhammed Ali Paşa, demolished the Adana Castle and the city walls in 1836. He built the canals for irrigation and transportation and also built water systems for the residential areas of the towns. Adana had the infrastructure it needed by the second half of the 19th century to become major center of Southeastern Anatolia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Toksöz |first=Meltem |title=Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region, 1850–1908 |location= |publisher=Brill |year=2010 |isbn=978-9004191051}}</ref>

After the [[Oriental Crisis of 1840|Oriental crisis]], the Convention of Alexandria that was signed on 27 November 1840, required the return of Cilicia to Ottoman sovereignty. The [[American Civil War]] that broke out in 1861 disturbed the cotton flow to Europe and directed European cotton traders to fertile Cilicia. The region became the centre of cotton trade and one of the most economically strong regions of the Empire within decades. In 1869, Adana Eyalet was re-established as [[Adana Vilayet]], after the re-structuring in the Ottoman Administration.<ref name="SunyGocek2011">{{cite book |author1=Ronald Grigor Suny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPEduby8jNIC&pg=PA67 |title=A Question of Genocide:Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire |author2=Fatma Muge Gocek |author3=Norman M. Naimark |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979276-4 |page=67}}</ref> [[Adana–Mersin railway]] line was opened in 1886, connecting Cilicia to international ports through [[Port of Mersin]].

A thriving regional economy, the doubling of Cilician Armenian population due to flee from the [[Hamidian massacres]], and the end of autocratic [[Abdul Hamid II|Abdulhamid]] rule with the [[Young Turk Revolution|revolution]] of 1908, empowered the Armenian community and envisioned an autonomous Cilicia. Enraged supporters of Abdulhamid that organized under Cemiyet-i Muhammediye amidst the [[31 March Incident|countercoup]],<ref name=Agos>{{cite web |url=http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/11235/106-yildonumunde-adana-katliaminin-ardindaki-gercekler |title=106. yıldönümünde Adana Katliamı'nın ardındaki gerçekler |date=4 October 2015 |publisher=Agos Gazetesi |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> led to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms in 14–27 April 1909.<ref>{{citation |last=Yeghiayan |first=Puzant |title=Ատանայի Հայոց Պատմութիւն [The History of the Armenians of Adana] |location=Beirut |publisher=Union of Armenian Compatriots of Adana |year=1970 |pages=211–272 |language=hy}}</ref> The [[Adana massacre]] resulted in the deaths of roughly 25,000 Armenians, orphaned [[Adana Dar-ül Eytam|3500 children]] and caused heavy destruction of Christian neighbourhoods in the entire [[Vilayet of Adana|Vilayet]].<ref>See Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in ''Armenian Cilicia'', eds. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]] and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 351–353.</ref>

The Cilicia section of the [[Berlin–Baghdad railway]] was opened in 1912, connecting the region to the Middle East. Over the course of the [[Armenian genocide]], an Ottoman telegraph was received by the Governor to deport the more than 70,000 Armenians of the Adana Vilayet to Syria.<ref name=Hrant>{{cite web |url=https://hrantdink.org/tr/faaliyetler/projeler/kulturel-miras/1477-adana-arastirmasi-ve-saha-calismasi |title=Adana araştırması ve saha çalışması |publisher=Hrant Dink Foundation |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Armenians of Zeitun had organized a successful resistance against the Ottoman onslaught. In order to finally subjugate Zeitun, the Ottomans had to resort to treachery by forcing an Armenian delegation from Marash to ask the ''Zeituntsi''s to put down their arms. Both the Armenian delegation, and later, the inhabitants of Zeitun, were left with no choice.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jernazian |first=Ephraim K. |title=Judgment Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1990 |location=New Jersey |pages=[https://archive.org/details/judgmentuntotrut00ephr/page/53 53–55] |isbn=0-88738-823-X |url=https://archive.org/details/judgmentuntotrut00ephr/page/53}}</ref>