Editing Chimpanzee (section)

===Use in research===
{{see also|Countries banning non-human ape experimentation|Animal testing on non-human primates#Chimpanzees in the U.S.}}
Hundreds of chimpanzees have been kept in laboratories for research. Most such laboratories either conduct or make the animals available for invasive research,<ref name="HSUSmap">{{cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html |title=Chimpanzee lab and sanctuary map |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |access-date=24 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055400/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/chimpanzee-lab-and-sanctuary-map.html |archive-date=7 March 2008}}</ref> defined as "inoculation with an infectious agent, surgery or biopsy conducted for the sake of research and not for the sake of the chimpanzee, and/or drug testing".<ref name="HSUSresearch">{{cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html |title=Chimpanzee research: overview of research uses and costs |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]] |access-date=24 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307055406/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/research/overview_of_research_uses_and.html |archive-date=7 March 2008}}</ref> Research chimpanzees tend to be used repeatedly over decades for up to 40 years, unlike the pattern of use of most laboratory animals.<ref name="HSUSbetter">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215112131/http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/ |archive-date=15 February 2008 |url=http://www.hsus.org/animals_in_research/chimps_deserve_better/ |url-status=dead |title=Chimps deserve better |publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]]}}</ref> Two federally funded American laboratories use chimpanzees: the [[Yerkes National Primate Research Center]] at [[Emory University]] in Atlanta, Georgia, and the Southwest National Primate Center in San Antonio, Texas.<ref name="Lovgren">{{cite web |last=Lovgren |first=S. |title=Should labs treat chimps more like humans? |website=[[National Geographic News]] |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0906_050906_chimplabs.html |url-status=dead |date=6 September 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050923121728/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/09/0906_050906_chimplabs.html |archive-date=23 September 2005}}</ref> Five hundred chimpanzees have been retired from laboratory use in the US and live in [[Animal sanctuary|animal sanctuaries]] in the US or Canada.<ref name="HSUSmap"/>

A five-year moratorium was imposed by the US National Institutes of Health in 1996, because too many chimpanzees had been bred for HIV research, and it has been extended annually since 2001.<ref name="Lovgren"/> With the publication of the [[chimpanzee genome]], plans to increase the use of chimpanzees in America were reportedly increasing in 2006, some scientists arguing that the federal moratorium on breeding chimpanzees for research should be lifted.<ref name="Lovgren"/><ref name="Langley15">{{cite web |author-link=Gill Langley |last=Langley |first=G. |date=June 2006 |url=http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf |title=Next of kin: a report on the use of primates in experiments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128121456/http://www.eceae.org/english/documents/NoKReport.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2007 |publisher=British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection |page=15}} citing {{cite journal |author=VandeBerg, J. L. |author2=Zola, S. M. |title=A unique biomedical resource at risk |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7055 |pages=30–32 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16136112 |doi=10.1038/437030a |bibcode=2005Natur.437...30V|s2cid=4346309}}</ref> However, in 2007, the NIH made the moratorium permanent.<ref name="Dunham">{{cite web |last=Dunham |first=W. |work=Reuters|title=US stops breeding chimps for research |date=24 May 2007 |access-date=20 May 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chimpanzees-research-usa-idUSN2438996920070524 |url-status=live |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210521023010/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chimpanzees-research-usa-idUSN2438996920070524}}</ref>
[[File:Chimpanzee Ham in Biopack Couch for MR-2 flight MSFC-6100114.jpg |left|thumb |[[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]], the first great ape in space, before being inserted into his [[Mercury-Redstone 2]] capsule on 31 January 1961]]
Other researchers argue that chimpanzees either should not be used in research, or should be treated differently, for instance with [[Great ape personhood|legal status as persons]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Karcher, K. |title=The Great Ape Project |editor=Bekoff, M. |editor-link=Marc Bekoff |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare |publisher=Greenwood |year=2009 |pages=185–187}}</ref> Pascal Gagneux, an evolutionary biologist and primate expert at the [[University of California, San Diego]], argues, given chimpanzees' sense of self, tool use, and genetic similarity to human beings, studies using chimpanzees should follow the ethical guidelines used for human subjects unable to give consent.<ref name="Lovgren"/> A recent study suggests chimpanzees which are retired from labs exhibit a form of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/15299730802073619 |author1=Bradshaw, G. A. |author2=Capaldo, T. |author3=Lindner, L. |author4=Grow, G. |title=Building an inner sanctuary: complex PTSD in chimpanzees |journal=Journal of Trauma & Dissociation |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9–34 |year=2008 |pmid=19042307 |s2cid=12632717 |url=http://www.releasechimps.org/pdfs/ExecSumTraumaFINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512152142/http://www.releasechimps.org/pdfs/ExecSumTraumaFINAL.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-12 |url-status=live}}</ref> Stuart Zola, director of the Yerkes laboratory, disagrees. He told ''National Geographic'': "I don't think we should make a distinction between our obligation to treat humanely any species, whether it's a rat or a monkey or a chimpanzee. No matter how much we may wish it, chimps are not human."<ref name="Lovgren"/>

Only one European laboratory, the [[Biomedical Primate Research Centre]] in [[Rijswijk]], the Netherlands, used chimpanzees in research. It formerly held 108 chimpanzees among 1,300 non-human primates. The Dutch ministry of science decided to phase out research at the centre from 2001.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=S. |title=Europe brings experiments on chimpanzees to an end |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=411 |date=10 May 2001 |issue=6834 |page=123 |doi=10.1038/35075735 |pmid=11346754 |bibcode=2001Natur.411..123G |doi-access=free}}</ref> Trials already under way were however allowed to run their course.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lab chimps face housing crisis: experiments on apes end, but problems remain |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5761824 |agency=Associated Press |date=19 August 2004 |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003557/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5761824 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chimpanzees including the female [[Ai (chimpanzee)|Ai]] have been studied at the [[Primate Research Institute]] of [[Kyoto University]], Japan, formerly directed by [[Tetsuro Matsuzawa]], since 1978. 12 chimpanzees are currently{{When|date=June 2024}} held at the facility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chimpanzee Ai |url=https://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/friends/ai.html |publisher=Kyoto University |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012031752/https://langint.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/friends/ai.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Two chimpanzees have been [[Monkeys and apes in space|sent into outer space]] as [[NASA]] research subjects. [[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]], the first great ape in space, was launched in the [[Mercury-Redstone 2]] capsule on 31 January 1961, and survived the suborbital flight. [[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]], the third primate to orbit Earth after Soviet cosmonauts [[Yuri Gagarin]] and [[Gherman Titov]], flew on [[Mercury-Atlas 5]] on 29 November of the same year.<ref>{{cite web |author=Betz, E. |date=21 April 2020 |title=Animals in space: a brief history of 'astrochimps' |publisher=Astronomy.com |access-date=8 June 2021 |url=https://astronomy.com/news/2020/04/animals-in-space-a-brief-history-of-astro-chimps |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609021913/https://astronomy.com/news/2020/04/animals-in-space-a-brief-history-of-astro-chimps |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Swenson |first1=L.S.Jr. |last2=Grimwood |first2=J.M. |last3=Alexander |first3=C.C. |year=1989 |editor1-last=Woods |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=Gamble |editor2-first=C. |title=This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury |series=NASA History Series (Special Publication-4201) |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>