Editing Chestnut (section)

===== Insects =====
* ''[[Dryocosmus kuriphilus]]'', the oriental chestnut gall wasp, is native to China, but is an invasive pest elsewhere. It attacks and destroys the chestnut fruit. It is considered the world's worst pest of chestnuts.<ref name="isc">CABI, 2013. [http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=20005&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144 ''Dryocosmus kuriphilus''.] In: Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.</ref>
* The [[larva]]e of the polyfag moth (''[[Phytomyza horticola]]'')<ref name="plantdoctor">[http://plante-doktor.dk/insektrigeteng.htm Plantedoktoren]. A gallery of plant pests.</ref> species are among those that do most damage to [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s and foliage.<ref name="szenti">[http://www.sarkpont.hu/webset32.cgi?Sarkpont@@EN@@21@@GOOGLEBOT ''The pest control of the Chestnut tree''] by Dr Péter Szentiványi. Chestnut – Agricultural Publisher. For Sarkpont Cc., Hungary.</ref>
* The most frequently occurring pests are the [[winter moth]] (''Operophtera brumata'') and the [[mottled umber moth]] (''Erannis defoliaria'').<ref name="szenti" />
* The [http://uk.ask.com/web?qsrc=167&o=41439048&l=dis&siteid=41439048&q=Attelabus+nitens+picture&dm=all oak roller weevil] ([[List of weevil (Curculionoidea) species recorded in Britain#Family Attelabidae|''Attelabus nitens'']]) causes relatively less damage by rolling up the leaves into a barrel shape to shelter its eggs and developing larvae. The insects swarm from the end of April to mid-June, and damage the tree's flower buds during their feeding season.<ref name="szenti" />
* The [[larva]]e of the oak-leaf-mining moth, also called the tischerid moth (''[[Tischeria ekebladella]]''), digs white, see-through mines in chestnut leaves. It lays its eggs in the leaves between May and June. The larvae cause white spots in the leaves by chewing them from the inside.<ref name="szenti" />
* The oak [[aphid]] (''[[Myzocallis castanicola]]'') sucks on the apex of young [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s and leaves. Native to Europe and North America, it is, for example, active in [[Hungary]]. Leaves do not roll up, but their feeding delays the growth of shoots and damages young [[Grafting|graft]]-shoot hosts. Commercial plantations and nurseries spray pesticides during the shoots' growth period to fight the damage.<ref name="szenti" /> The chestnut [[mosaic virus]] is probably transmitted by ''M. castanicola'' aphids.<ref name="ctifl">[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3010278 ''Chestnut mosaic virus : Transmission by the aphid Myzocallis castanicola on Chestnut tree'']. By J.-C. Desvignes and D. Cornaggia (CTIFL, Centre de Lanxade, La Force, France). In Phytoma, la défense des végétaux. 1996, no. 481, pp. 39–41 (6 ref.). {{ISSN|1164-6993}}.</ref>
* The chestnut weevil (''[[Curculio elephas]]'') most often damages the fruits. In Hungary, it swarms in chestnut [[orchard]]s around August 20, particularly strongly around noon and in sunny weather. The eggs are laid into the [[Calybium and cupule|cupule]]s or around the [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] joints. The larvae feed on the nuts and leave only nutchips and excrement within. While the chestnuts ripen, the larvae retreat into the ground after having chewed their way out of the nuts. The following July, they turn into [[pupa]]e. <br> The larvae of the chestnut weevil can only chew their way out of a fallen nut, so breeding occurs mostly where chestnuts lie on the ground for a sufficient length of time, or where the trees produce many small fruits which remain behind at the harvest. Timing the harvests to pick up the chestnuts as soon as they fall reduces the numbers of the [[overwinter]]ing larvae. Regular soil work is also unfavourable to its life habits. Small [[Grafting|grafts]] are sprayed with chemicals. A warm, aerosol-based protection has been developed for older trees, by Sifter and Bürgés in 1971. Planting chestnut orchards beside [[Quercus cerris|turkey oak]] forests is not advised, because both trees are susceptible to the chestnut weevil (which also uses the turkey oak acorn to develop), and the turkey oak trees can pass it on to the chestnut trees.<ref name="szenti" />
* In Hungary, the most common moth threatening chestnut trees is the [[Tortricidae|acorn moth]] (''Laspeyreisa splendana'') and its subspecies. Its grayish-yellow larvae cause similar damage to that of the chestnut weevil, but they spin characteristic webs among the nutchips and larval excrement. This moth causes about 5–41% of the damage that occurs in western Hungary's plantations. Plantations need regular protection against these moths, the occurrence of which does not decrease.<ref name="szenti" />
* In New Zealand, the grass grub beetle eats the soft, new-season foliage. They can entirely strip a young tree in the late spring, when they fly at dusk, often in huge numbers.<ref name="nzcouncil" />